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Collective Unconscious
Carl Jung’s concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species’ history
Collectivism
Giving priority to the goals of one’s group (often one’s extended family or work group) and defining one’s identity accordingly
Defense mechanism
In psychoanalytic theory, the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
Displacement
The transfer of feelings or behavior from their original object to another person or thing
Ego
The largely unconscious, “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality
Empirically derived test
A test developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups
External locus of control
The perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate
Fixation
According to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved
Free association
In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing
Id
A reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. Entirely in the unconscious
Identification
The process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos
Individualism
Giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications
Internal locus of control
The perception that you control your own fate
Learned helplessness
The hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
The most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests
Oedipus Complex
According to Freud, a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealous and hatred for the rival father
Personal control
A person’s beliefs about how well he or she can bring about good events and avoid bad events
Personality
An individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
Personality Inventory
A questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors
Projection
In psychoanalytic and psychodynamic theories, the process by which one attributes one’s own individual positive or negative traits, affects, and impulses to another person or group
Projective test
A personality test that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics
Psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts
Psychosexual stages
The childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones
Rationalization
An ego defense in which apparently logical reasons are given to justify unacceptable behavior
Reaction formation
In psychoanalytic theory, a defense mechanism in which unacceptable or threatening impulses are denied and are replaced in consciousness with their opposite
Reciprocal determinism
The interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment
Regression
A return to a prior, lower state of cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning
Repression
In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
Rorschach Inkblot Test
A projective technique designed to interpret the participant’s personality structure in terms of several factors
Self-actualization
According to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation is to fulfill one’s potential
Self-concept
All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, “Who am I?”
Self-esteem
One’s feelings of high or low self-worth
Self-serving bias
A readiness to perceive oneself favorably
Social-cognitive perspective
Views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people’s traits and their social context
Spotlight effect
Overestimating others’ noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders
Superego
The part of personality, according to Freud, that represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations
Terror-management theory
A theory of death-related anxiety; explores people’s emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
A projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
Trait
A characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer-reports
Unconditional positive regard
A caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance
Unconscious
According to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories; according to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware
Alfred Binet
Pioneer in intelligence (IQ) tests; designed a test to identify slow learners in need of help
Aptitude test
A test designed to predict a person’s future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn
Charles Spearman
Argued that intelligence could be expressed by a single factor “g”, or general intelligence
Content validity
The extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest
Creativity
The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas
David Wechsler
Developed WAIS and WISC intelligence tests
Down Syndrome
A condition of mild to severe intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra chormosome
Emotional intelligence
The ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions
Factor analysis
A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person’s total score
General intelligence (g)
A general intelligence factor that, according to Spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test
Howard Gardner
Devised theory of multiple intelligences: logical-mathematic, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, linguistic, musical, interpersonal, naturalistic
Intelligence
Mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use info to adapt to new situations
Intelligence quotient
Defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100
Intelligence test
A method for assessing an individual’s mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores
Lewis Terman
Revised Binet’s IQ test; established norms for American Children
LL Thurstone
Proposed that intelligence consisted of 7 different primary mental abilities
Mental age
A measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance
Mental retardation
Condition characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills
Normal curve
A symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data
Predictive validity
The success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict (also called criterion-related validity)
Reliability
The extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on 2 halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting
Robert Sternberg
Devised the triarchic theory of intelligence (academic problem-solving, practical, and creative)
Savant Syndrome
A condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill
Standardization
Defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with performance of a pretested group
Stanford-Binet
The widely-used American revision of Binet’s original intelligence test
Stereotype threat
A self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype
Validity
The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
The most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance subtests
Denial
Not accepting the ego-threatening truth
Intellectualization
Undertaking an academic, unemotional study of a topic (defense mechanism)
Sublimation
Channeling one’s frustration toward a different goal
Nomothetic Theories
The same traits can be used to describe all people’s personalities
Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Openness to Experience, Emotional Stability
Big Five personality traits
Idiographic Theorists
Using the same set of traits to classify everyone is impossible.
Somatotype Theory
Endomorphs(Fat) tend to be friendly and outgoing. Mesomorphs(Muscular) tend to be more aggressive. Ectomorphs(Thin) tend to be more shy and secretive.
Severely Challenged(<1%): 40-54, Challenged(2.3%): 55-69, Below Average: 70-84, Average(68%): 85-114, Above Average: 115-129, Gifted(2.3%): 130-144, Genius(<1%): 145-159, Extraordinary Genius: 160-175
What is each Intelligence Interval’s Cognitive Designation?
Social Intelligence
The know-how involved in comprehending social situations and managing oneself successfully
Achievement Test
A test designed to assess what a person has learned
Criterion
Behavior that a test is designed to predict
Heritability
The proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes
