the last chapters we did in vclass

Biopsychosocial model

A model that considers biological, environmental, and psychosocial factors as relevant for the etiology of health.

Stages of Change Model

A model outlining the stages individuals go through to change behavior: Precontemplation, Contemplation, Preparation, Action, Maintenance.

Motivational Interviewing

A counseling technique that helps people overcome conflicts and find motivation to change behavior.

Social Support

Having social relationships that can lower stress before and after stressful events.

Stress

The body's response to stressors, as defined by Hans Selye.

Nervous System

The body's system including sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic (calms down after stress) responses.

Yerkes-Dodson Law

A principle stating that different tasks require different levels of stress for optimal performance.

General Adaptation Syndrome

The common effects of stressful demands on the body, consisting of three phases: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.

Learned Helplessness

The phenomenon where individuals learn they are helpless when faced with repeated adverse events.

Mindfulness

A reflective practice linked to improved happiness, anxiety, sleep, and immune functioning.

Cognitive Appraisal

The interpretation of life events as harmful or challenging, which can be engaged in positively.

Self-Serving Bias

The tendency to attribute successes to internal factors and failures to external factors.

Fundamental Attribution Error

The tendency to overestimate internal traits and underestimate external situations in explaining behavior.

Cognitive Dissonance

Mental discomfort caused by awareness of a mismatch between attitudes and actions.

Social Facilitation

Improvement in an individual's performance when in the presence of others.

Confirmation Bias

The tendency to search for, interpret, and remember information that confirms one's beliefs.

Prejudice

An unfair and negative attitude towards a group and its members.

Discrimination

Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members.

Aggression

Behavior characterized by intention to harm or injure someone.

Companionate Love

A deep affectionate attachment that characterizes mature relationships.

Psychopathology

The study of the nature, development, and treatment of psychological disorders.

Etiology

The study of the causes or manner of causation for a condition.

Anxiety Disorder

A mental health disorder characterized by excessive fear, worry, or anxiety.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

A type of psychotherapy that helps patients understand the thoughts and feelings that influence behaviors.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

A disorder characterized by unwanted intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions).

Bipolar Disorder

A mental health condition characterized by alternating periods of depression and mania.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

A psychological disorder that can occur after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event.

Suicide Prevention

Strategies and resources used to reduce the risk of suicide.

Flourishing

A state of optimal mental health characterized by positive emotions and functioning.

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

A prediction that causes itself to become true due to the behavior it generates.

Social Loafing

The tendency of individuals to exert less effort when working in groups compared to working alone.

Group Polarization

The tendency for a group to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclination of its members.

Vulnerability-Stress Model

A framework suggesting that psychological disorders occur when a predisposition meets environmental stress.

Learning Theory of Depression

A theory that suggests depression is linked to learned behaviors and reinforcement.

Coping Strategies

Methods a person uses to deal with stressful situations.

Emotional Regulation

The ability to monitor and manage emotions in various situations.

Social Psychology

The study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another.

Compassionate Love

A love characterized by mutual respect and affection.

Agoraphobia

A fear of situations where escape might be difficult or help unavailable if a panic attack occurs.

Adaptation Level Phenomenon

The tendency to judge various stimuli relative to those we have previously experienced.

Disordered Thinking

A common symptom in schizophrenia characterized by derailed or disorganized thought processes.

Somatic Symptoms

Physical symptoms arising from psychological factors.

Implicit Bias

Attitudes or stereotypes that affect our understanding, actions, and decisions in an unconscious manner.

Personality Disorders

Enduring patterns of behavior and inner experiences that deviate markedly from cultural expectations.

Internal Locus of Control

The belief that one has control over their own life and outcomes.

External Locus of Control

The belief that outside forces or luck determine one's life circumstances.

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)

A form of cognitive therapy that focuses on changing irrational beliefs that cause emotional distress.

Social Constructionism

A theory that suggests that legitimate knowledge is constructed through social processes.

Neural Plasticity

The brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections throughout life.

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis

A central part of the stress response system that controls reactions to stress.

Catastrophizing

Cognitive distortion where individuals expect the worst possible outcome.

Resilience

The ability to adapt well in the face of adversity, trauma, tragedy, threats, or significant sources of stress.

Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR)

A therapeutic approach that uses mindfulness meditation to reduce stress.

Sociocultural Factors

Social and cultural influences that impact emotional and mental health.

Crisis Intervention

Immediate and short-term psychological care aimed at assisting individuals in a crisis situation.

Substance Use Disorders

Disorders characterized by an individual’s harmful or hazardous use of psychoactive substances.

Peer Pressure

Influence from members of one's peer group to conform to certain behaviors.

Therapeutic Alliance

The collaborative relationship between a client and therapist.

Behavioral Activation

A therapeutic approach that encourages individuals to engage in activities that are aligned with their values.

Coping Mechanisms

Strategies people use to manage stress and emotional pain.

Stress Resilience

The ability to adapt effectively in the face of adversity and stress.

Substance Abuse

The harmful or hazardous use of psychoactive substances, including alcohol and illicit drugs.

Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)

A time-limited treatment that focuses on improving interpersonal relationships and social functioning.

Emotion-Focused Coping

A coping strategy aimed at reducing negative emotional responses to stress.

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)

A standardized classification system for mental health disorders.

Trauma-Informed Care

An approach in healthcare that acknowledges the impact of trauma on individuals.

Positive Psychology

The study of human functioning that emphasizes strengths and virtues.

Stress-Buffering Hypothesis

The idea that social support protects against stress and its negative health effects.

Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)

A therapist-guided treatment that focuses on teaching skills for emotional regulation.

Systematic Desensitization

A behavioral technique used to reduce anxiety responses to specific phobias.

Exposure Therapy

A psychological treatment that helps patients confront their fears.

Empathic Listening

A communication technique involving deep listening to understand the feelings of others.

Self-Care Strategies

Activities that individuals engage in to promote their mental, emotional, and physical well-being.

Transdiagnostic Model

A framework for understanding mental health disorders based on shared factors across disorders.

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)

A form of psychotherapy that uses acceptance and mindfulness strategies to increase psychological flexibility.

Situational Factors

Short-term influences on a person's behavior or mental state.

Cognitive Behavioral Model

A model that explains how thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are interconnected.

Behavioral Economics

A field that studies how psychological factors influence economic decision-making.

Spiritual Well-Being

The aspect of health that relates to one's sense of purpose and meaning in life.

Critical Social Theory

The theoretical framework that seeks to critique and change society as a whole.

Compassion Fatigue

A state of emotional burnout in caregiving professions.

Neuroticism

A personality trait characterized by anxiety, fear, moodiness, worry, envy, frustration, jealousy, and loneliness.

Impulse Control Disorders

Disorders characterized by the inability to resist a temptation, urge, or impulse.

Cognitive Flexibility

The mental ability to switch between thinking about two different concepts and to think about multiple concepts simultaneously.

Humanistic Psychology

A psychological perspective that emphasizes the study of the whole person.

Self-Actualization

The realization or fulfillment of one's talents and potential.

Affective Forecasting

The process of predicting how one will feel in the future.

Behaviorism

A theory of learning based on the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning.

Psychopharmacology

The study of the effects of drugs on the mind and behavior.

Psychotherapy Integration

Combining techniques and ideas from various schools of psychotherapy.