animal and plant cells

cell membrane

Surrounds the cell and holds the cell together, bi-layered

cell wall

Supports & protects plant cell, Provides rigidity (plants dont have a skeleton), Made of cellulose

cytosol

Jelly-like material that fills the cytoplasm, Holds organelles in place, Gives shape to the cell

nucleus

Controls Cellular Activities, Contains DNA, The “control centre” of the cell

nucleolus

primary site of ribosome synthesis and rRNA production

mitochondria

Produces Chemical Energy: The “powerhouse” of the cell

chloroplast

Where photosynthesis occurs, Use energy of the sunlight co2 and h2o to produce glucose and oxygen, Contains chlorophyll

ribosome

makes protien

endoplasmic rectillium

smooth ER transports lipids, rough ER transports ribosomes

golgi appratus

packages materials to transport out of cell

vacuole

Storage centre for fluids, nutrients & waste, Many vacuoles in animal cells, 1 large vacuole in plant cells

lysosome

breaks down and removes waste, exclusive to animal cells

making protiens

The nucleus stores DNA, which provides instructions for protein synthesis. Proteins are made in two steps: transcription, where RNA is copied from DNA, and translation, where ribosomes use RNA to assemble amino acids into proteins.

exporting protiens

Proteins for export are made by ribosomes on the rough ER, folded, then sent to the Golgi apparatus for modification and packaging. Vesicles transport these proteins to the cell membrane for release.

photosynthesis

occurs in chloroplasts, sunlight, h2o and co2 is converted to glucose and o2

cellular respiration

occurs in the mitochondria, conversion of glucose and oxygen to (ATP- adenosine triphosphate) energy

stomata

opens and closes to let gases in and out of leaves

fungal cells

Cell Wall Made from chitin, Do not have chloroplast

prokaryote

smaller and Simpler, single-celled organisms without a nucleus. Their DNA floats freely in the cytoplasm, and they lack membrane-bound organelles.

eukaryote

more Complex larger cells with a nucleus to store DNA and membrane-bound organelles that perform specialized functions. Found in plants, animals, fungi, and protists.

specialised cells

A cell with unique structures to perform certain functions

red blood cells

Flattened disc shape, Large surface area, Efficient gas exchange, Contain haemoglobin which attaches to oxygen, no nucleus

neuron

Long, branch like structures called drendites recieve signals from other neurons, they Carry electrical impulses, through a long axon, gaps called synapses to pass signals

guard cells

open and close stomata, Contains vacuole and chloroplast, Thick inner wall

root hair cells

absorbs water and nutrients from soil by maximising surface area

Intestinal Epithelial Cells

A cell with finger-like structures to maximise surface area that help it absorb water and nutrients from food

Myocytes

muscle cells that contract and relax to control muscle movements A long, thin cell

cytoskeleton

holds organelles in place

centrioles

exclusive to animal cells; aids in cell division/ mitosis, organises spindle fibres from the cytoskeleton

cilia and flagella

created by the centrioles, enables cell movement/ movement across the cell surface

smooth muscle cells

are involuntary and are in organs like the intestine and stomach

skeletal cell

long, cylindrical cells, strong and rigid

cardiac cells

involuntary and striated,

organ

A body part that performs a specific function

tissue

A group of similar cells that work together

shape, and size, number of and type of organelles to suit function

specialised cells vary in..

1000

micrometers in a millimeter