excretion, kidney, nephron structure, function

What are the main structures of the kidney?

The main structures of the kidney include the cortex, medulla, renal pelvis, and nephrons.

Where does urea come from?

Deamination of excess amino acids

For the skin how does sweat come about?

When body temp increases we perspire to lower it. The persperation or sweat is released to through pores in the skin from the sweat glands

For the kidneys how does waste form?

Blood is filtered from all over the body in the kidneys to form urine. It’s composed of urea, water and mineral salts

Is ruination an involuntary or voluntary process?

Both

What is the renal pelvis?

The renal pelvis is a funnel-shaped structure that collects urine from the nephrons and passes it to the ureter.

Where are the kidneys found?

Abdominal cavity below the diaphragm.

What is the kidney covered with?

A layer of fat for protection insulation and to keep them in place

What is the hilum?

the hilum is the area on the medial surface of the kidney though which the blood vessel enter and leave the kidney

Difference between ureter and urethra

ureter caries urine from kidney to the bladder. Urethra caries urine out of the body

What is the origin of waste from the gut?

Indigestible and undigested food leaves the body through a process called egestion. Bile pigments are added to the faeces and is removed through the body

what is the origin of waste from the lungs?

Co2 as a by product of respiration is released through exhalation along with heat and water vapor

What factors are dependent on urine composition and color?

Level of activity

Type of foods eaten

Fluid intake

Medication

Health

What does urine consist of?

Urea, water, foreign substances like drugs preservatives and colorants

Define excretion

The removal of metabolic wastes from the living organism.

Explain how the external and internal sphincters allow someone to urinate

When the bladder is full the parasympathetic nerve fibers in the bladder wall causes the bladder to contract this causes the

What does the skin excrete and from where?

Sweat through pores of the skin from the sweat glands

How does the lungs function as an excretory organ

It releases co2 as a by product of respiration it’s a metabolic reaction so it’s a metabolic waste, leaves the body as co2 with water vapor and heat

Name three metabolic waste products and their origin

• co2- cellular respiration

• Excess water- fluid intake and cellular respiration (water vapor)

• Urea- deamination of amino acids in liver

What is the urinary system composed of?

2 kidneys, pair of ureters, urethra, bladder, renal artery and vein

what membrane is the kidney covered with?

Renal capsule

What is the calyx

the structure that encloses the apex of each pyramid and leads to the pelvis

Where is the malpigian body found

Cortex of the kidney

What does the nephron consist of?

Malpigian body

Renal tubules

where are the renal tubules found?

extend into the medulla of the kidney

What is a nephron?

Functional unit of the kidney

Functions of the kidney?

• osmoregution

• Excretion of metabolic wastes

• Regulates salt content in body

• Regulates blood ph

Where is the adrenal gland found?

On the top of the kidney

what cells line the inner wall of the bowman’s capsule

Podocytes

What does the malpigian body consist of?

Glomerulus

The bowman’s capsule

What are the renal tubules made up of?

The proximal convoluted tubule

Loop of henle

Distal convoluted tubules

Collecting duct

(PLDC)

Why is there a difference in width in the efferent and efferent arteries

The difference in width creates pressure

Why is the bowman’s capsule a c shape?

Surface area

What features do podocytes have that assist in filtration?

They are arranged so that tiny pores are formed between the cells. They are called slit pores,

what is the renal artery

Carried nitrogenous waste to the kidney

The renal vein caries..

Filtered blood away from the kidney

Describe the movement of waste

From the renal artery to the afferent arteriole to the glomerulus to the bowman’s capsule to the proximal convoluted tubule to the loop of henle to the distal convoluted tubule to the collecting duct to the ducts of Bellini to the calyx to the renal pelvis to the ureter to the bladder to the urethra

Describe the blood supply of blood to the kidney

Aorta to renal artery to afferent arteriole to glomerulus to efferent sterile to peritubular capillary network to venules to renal vein to inferior vena cava

What are the substances small enough to fit through the glomerulus

Water Vitamins Mineral salts Urea Uric acid, glucose, amino acids

How does glomelular filtration work

(Have an image of the stuff in your head to help you)

High pressure between eff and afferent arterioles causes the blood in glomerulus to be pushed out and filtered into the capusular space to the podocytes small slits to filter out blood corpuscles and plasma proteins again which gives glomelular filtrate

Explain tubular reabsorption

Proximal absorbs some water and glucose to loop of henle its tubular filtrate atp, now there’s sodium ions in the medulla and the water moves out of the loop of henle via osmosis then urine enters the collecting duct

What are some of the wastes that come during tubular excretion?

Creatinine, some drugs, potassium, hydrogen, sodium, bicarbonate ions

Passage of urine to the bladder?

Tubular filtrate from collecting ducts to ducts of Bellini into calyx into renal pelvis into ureter into bladder into urethra

On a hot day how does adh work in the body?

The osmoreceotors in the hypothalamus is stimulated. They send nerve impulses to the pituitary gland to release more ADH. this increases the permeability of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts. The medulla then absorbs more water through osmosis and water is saved this way. The water levels in the blood return to normal. Urine is more concentrated.

On a cold day why would urine be more dilute?

The permeability of the tubules are less. More water is withheld

How does slat regulation work in the kidney?

The adrenal gland will release aldosterone in times of less sodium ions in the body this tells the blood capillaries my the tubules to absorb more salts. When there is too much salt less aldosterone will be secreted, more salt excreted by tubules - back to normal