Experiment 1 - MedOrg Laboratory

Sieving

• It is done to separate mixtures that contain substances mostly of different sizes

• Mixture passes through the pores of the sieve

• Smaller substances pass through easily while bigger components are retained

Evaporation

• Is a technique that is used in separating a mixture, usually a solution of a solvent and a soluble solid

• Solution is heated until the organic solvent evaporates where it turns into a gas and mostly leaves behind the solid residue

distillation

• Is a separation techniques used to separate components of a liquid mixture by a process of heating and cooling,which exploits the differences in the volatility of each of the components

Filtration or sedimentation

• Separating insoluble solid in from a liquid

Filtration or Sedimentation

• Used to remove solid particles from the liquid

Chromatography

• Is an analytical technique commonly used for separating mixture of chemical substances into its individual component, so that the individual components can be thoroughly analyzed

Thin Layer Chromatography

• Separates compounds on the basis of differing polarity

Thin Layer Chromatography

• Used as a preparatory stage for column chromatography to use as a good solvent system that will give good separation between components

TLC plates

• It has a thin layer of silica gel spread on flat surface

• It is a polar material and can participate in dipole-dipole interactions with other polar substance

Silicon dioxide

TLC plates is made of silica material which is a network of solid _________

Hydroxyl group

What functional group does the TLC plates is abundant of?

TLC plate

Stationary Phase

Solvent (Non-Polar)

Mobile Phase

anthocyanin

What gives poinsettia its different colors

Red

pH<3

Violet

pH 4-7

Yellow Green

pH>8

Colourless

pH 3-4

Blue

pH 7-8

chlorophyll

• Green pigment

Xanthophyll

• Yellow pigment

• Beautiful yellow as chlorophyll fades

Carotenoids

• Golden orange pigment

• Absorb green and blue

• Reflects red and yellow

Anthocyanin

• Redd pigment

• Produced as autumn starts

Carotene (orange)

RF value = 0.98

Pheophytin (olive green)

RF value = 0.81

Chlorophyll a (blue-green)

RF value = 0.59

Chlorophyll b (yellow Green)

RF value = 0.42

Anthocyanins (red, pink, purple, and blue colors)

RF value = between 0.32 and 0.62

Xanthophyll 1 (yellow)

RF value = 0.28

Xanthophyll 2 (yellow)

RF value = 0.15

True

True or False

The higher the sieve number, the smaller the particle size

Evaporation

• Used to separate solvent and soluble solid

Distillation

• Used to separate mixture of liquids

• Differences in volatility or boiling point

Condenser

• This is the cooling system in a distillation process

Distillation

• Common separation techniques in pharmacognosy

Separating Funnel

• Separate two immiscible liquids

• Different density

• Different polarity

Bracis

Special name for the arrangement of leaves of poinsettia