ANS 230 Exam 1

The choices we maike about food affect:

the cells in our body (cellular metabolism), the environment around us

what is nutrition

“the sum of processes”/ interaction of nutrience that affect maintenance and different physiological states

nutrition integrates

biology, chemistry, and management

metabolic pathways:

pathways through which molecules inside us are transformed from one another

objective of nutrition

improving the survival, health, and growth of animals by understanding their metabolism

why does it matter? - Biology

Nutrient requiremnts and health

why does it matter? -management

feed and feeding strategies/ decisions that underscore nutrition

why does it matter? - Economic

feed costs and return on investment (ROI)

what is the second largest variable cost in animal production

feed

what percent of your operating budget is feed cost

70%

what does nutrition directly influence

productivity, effeciency, and profitability across sectors

feed efficiency (FE)

how much of a nutrient is going into the animal and being reatined, and how much is excreted and wasted

efficiency factor

the more efficient we become the less we are wasting

why does it matter? - environment

nutrient excretion (N,P), recycling, methane and GHG, feed sourcing, and land use

how do animals depend on plants

animals are biochemical converters if plant derived nutrients

recipe for life aka photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O → (sunlight and chlorophyl), → C6H12O2 +6O2

energy loss occurs at every level of nutrition, molecules broken down and re-synthesized

metabolic pathways

injestion

feed intake

digestion/absorption

breakdown and uptake

metabolism

interconversion of nutrients to supply energy, chemical transformations

catabolism

breakdown of nutrients - generates chemical energy and heat / release energy (exergonic) / glucose → ATP

anabolism

assimilation of new chemicals for structure and function - uses energy / requires energy (endergonic) / amino acids → muscle protein

assimilation

use for struture/function

excretion

waste removal, onlh mesure of loss we can control

redox potential

a measure of the tendency of chemicals to acquire or loss electrons

oxidation

loss of e-

reduction

gain of e-

what does atp generation depend on

controlled oxidation of nutrients

first law of thermodynamics

energy cannot be created or destroyes, it is always conserved

where do nutrients go in dairy cattle

mammary gland

where do nutrients go in beef cattle

skeletal muscle and adipose tissue

principles of nutrition: balance

correct proportions

principles of nutrition: quality

nutrient composition

principles of nutrition: bioavailibility

usable fraction

what factors affect nutrient use by animals

intake, gut environment, digestion

intake

palatibility, access

gut environment

microbiome, ph

digestionand absorption

enzymes, transit time

chemistry and biology

all biological processes are driven by chemical interactions

biologically important molecules:

glucose, amino acids, fatty acids

structural organization and functional integration

structure determines function at the molecular level

structural organization of life

atoms, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system

biological molecules are c based, this means:

two or more atoms combine to form a molecule

simplest building blocks of matter:

subatomic particles, atoms, and molecules

cell

smallest independently functioning unit

bacteria

single celled organisms

animals

multicellular organisms

tissue

group of many cells that work together to perform a specific function

organ

anatomically distinct structure composed of two or more tissue types. each organ performs a specific physiological function

organ system

group of organs working together to performs major function to meet physiological needs of the body

prokaryotic

simple cell without a membrane bound nucleus or organelles; unicellular; includes bacteria and archea

eukaryotic

more complex, membrane-bound nucleus and specialized organelles; unicellular and include animals, plants, fungi, and protists

which has a smaller volume, pro or euk

prokaryotic

nutrients

complex molecules varying in molecular structure

what are the main nutrients for energy

carbs and lipids

name the 6 nutrients

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, water, minerals, and vitamins

carbohydrates

CHO; energy (glucose, starch)

proteins

AA, energy, enzymes, structure, signaling, produce nitrogen

lipids

long term energy, membranes, insulation

water

temperature regulation, solvent for rxs

minerals

structural (ca,p) vs, regulatory (Na, K)

vitamins

cofactors in metabolism

nutrients may be

a source of energy, required in small or large amounts (micro/macro), organic or inorganic

what makes smth inorganic

it lacks carbon

dispensable nutrients

do not need to include in diet, synthesized by the animal, still considered essential

indispensable nutrients

must be provided in the diet, cannot be synthesized by the animal

conditionally indispensable

not synthesized in sufficient quantities, during growth and life stages, disease and stress, and dietary inbalance

indispensable nutrients: amino acids

taurine (cats), arginine (when facing illness), glutamine (more during stress for gut heath and immune function)

indispensable nutrients: vitamins and minerals

vitamin C, B vitamins

animal cell

nuclear envelope, chromatin, nucleolus, peroxisome, e.r., cytoskeleton microtubules, centrosome, intermediate filiments, plasma membrane, lysosome, golgi apparatus, cytoplasm, mitchondria

plant cell

plasmodesmata, cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, central vacuole, cytoskeleton, chloroplast, plastid, peroxisome, mitochondria, golgi apparatus, ribosomes, nucleus, er

key function differences in two types of cells

plants have more energy, cell wall, chloroplasts, plants use sunlight to make glucose

energy and nutrition in cell

chloroplasts and mitochondria

structure and support

cell wall and cell membrane

water and waste management in cell

central vacuole, vacuoles/vesicles, lysosomes

communication in cell

plasmodesmata and gap junctions

what do plants store energy as

starch

what do animals store energy as

glycogen and triglycerides

whats the same between plant and animal cells

both are eukaryotes, they have well defined cell nucleus that houses chromosomes

what is energy

the capacity to do work - physical, chemical, or biological

key principals of energy

it can be transferred (heat, work, radiation), it can be transformed, “total energy”

ATP

adenosine triphosphate, energy in bonds, drives all reactions in the body

metabolic reactions are responsible for…

generating energy in the form of ATP

all reactions release…

heat

second law of thermodynamics

in any energy tranfer the entropy (disorder) increases, meaning it is not 100% efficient and there is always loss

how is energy in the body typically measured

metabolic rate

what is metabolic rate

the amount of energy an animal uses over a specific period of time, usually expressed in units like calories

how is metabolic rate measured

by measuring O2 consumed and CO2 produced

indirect calorimetry

to measure BMR, O2 consumed and CO2 produced

direct caliometry

measure of the heat produced directly from an animal

basal metabolic rate

energy needed to sustain life

basal

maitenance

energy expenditure can be broken down into 3 main segments

resting metabolism (maitenance(, physical activity, thermic effect

per animal (whole-body BMR)

total energy expenditure (24 h), kcal/d, useful to determine energy required

per unit of BW

BMR relative to an animals actual bw, kcal/kgbw/d

per unit of metabolic BW (BW^0.75)

most accurate to compare diff species, kcal/kgBW^0.75/d

lower body mass means…

higher BMR because larger surface area to volume ratio

what dictates heat dissipation

surface area to volume ratios

why do larger animals lose heat slower and therefore have a lower BMR

their core is further awar from their extremeties so it takes longer for heat to dissipate