Unit 2: Hematopoiesis Review

What is hematopoiesis?

RBC production, differentiation, and development

All blood cells come from what kind of cell in what location?

pluripotent stem cells

bone marrow

Pluripotent cells differentiate into what 2 kinds of cells?

1. lymphoid progenitor cells

2. myeloid progenitor cells

(Lymphoid/Myeloid) progenitor cells mature into platelets, RBCs, monocytes, and granulocytes.

myeloid

(Lymphoid/Myeloid) progenitor cells mature into T cells, NK cells, and B cells

lymphoid

Most immature group of hematopoietic cells capable of self-renewal:

• mature cells

• primitive, multipotential cells

• precursors

• intermediate cells

primitive, multipotential cells

Consist of committed progenitor cells destined to develop into distinct cell lines:

• mature cells

• primitive, multipotential cells

• precursors

• intermediate cells

intermediate cells

Give rise to mature cells and are distinguished in the bone marrow and peripheral circulation:

• mature cells

• primitive, multipotential cells

• precursors

• intermediate cells

precursors

Most developed group with specific physiologic funtions:

• mature cells

• primitive, multipotential cells

• precursors

• intermediate cells

mature cells

Erythropoiesis occurs on distinct sites called erythropoietic _________.

islands

What protrude through the cell wall to deliver platelets into the blood?

megakaryocytes

What cell induces intracellular signaling to the target cell for survival, proliferation, or differentiation as a means of regulating cell production?

cytokines

What are the 3 types of cytokines?

1. interleukins

2. colony-stimulating factors

3. interferons

What type of cytokine are primary messengers of the immune system and act independently or in conjunction with other interleukins to encourage hematopoietic growth?

interleukins

Chromosome 7 encodes for what growth factor?

EPO

Chromosome 17 encodes for what growth factor?

G-CSF

What 2 growth factors affect myeloid cells?

1. G-CSF

2. GM-CSF

What growth factor stimulates T and B lymphocytes?

IL-7

What growth factor stimulates NK cells?

IL-12

T lymphocytes mature in the ________ and B lymphocytes mature in the _____________.

thymus

bone marrow

CD4+ cells are T (helper/cytotoxic) cells.

helper

CD8+ cells are T (helper/cytotoxic) cells.

cytotoxic

T helper cells bind to antigens on _________ sites and T cytotoxic cells bind to antigens on __________ sites.

MHC class II

MHC class I

Reactive lymphocytes are indicative of:

infectious mononucleosis

An child presents with elevated lymphocytes and decreased neutrophils. What is this indicative of?

nothing; children have more lymphocytes that neutrophils compared to adults

What is the most reliable indicator of cell age?

chromatin density

less dense = immature

more dense = mature

What cell is this?

myeloblast (blue nongranular cytoplasm, large nucleus, nucleoli visible)

What cell is this?

promyelocyte (presence of large dark primary granules,

What cell is this?

myelocyte (eccentric nucleus, secondary smaller and lighter granules appear, lighter cytoplasm, no nucleoli)

What cell is this?

metamylocyte (kidney-bean shaped, many secondary granules, eccentric nulceus)

A “left shift” seen during bacterial infections is characterized by and increase in what type of WBC?

banded neutrophil (less mature of the 2 types; released early from bone marrow to fight infection)

What cell is the most mature of the myelocytic series?

segmented neutrophils

Monocytes mature into:

tissue macrophages

What are the 3 steps of platelet maturation?

1. megakaryoblast

2. megacaryocyte

3. platelet

What is the large cell and what does it mature into?

megakaryocyte

matures into platelets

What 2 sites are samples collected from for bone marrow examination?

1. sternum

2. iliac crest of pelvis

What is the normal myeloid:eryhtroid ratio in healthy patients?

4:1

What percentage of bone cavity in adults are filled by fatty tissue:

• 10%

• 20%

• 50%

• 75%

50%

Which of the following blood cells does NOT mature in the bone marrow in the normal adult:

• erythrocyte

• lymphocyte

• monocyte

• thrombocyte

lymphocyte

As most cells mature:

• nuclear chromatin is less condensed

• N:C ratio decreases

• nucleoli become more prominent

• basophilia of cytoplasm increases

N:C ratio decreases

The most mature cell that can undergo mitosis is the:

• myeloblast

• myelocyte

• promyelocyte

• metamyelocyte

myelocyte

Which of the following features is most characteristic of the promyelocyte:

• fine nuclear chromatin

• basophilic cytoplasm

• nucleoli

• primary granules

primary granules

Production of primary granules ceases and production of secondary granules commences with what cell stage:

• myeloblast

• myelocyte

• promyelocyte

• metamyelocyte

myelocyte

An increased amount of cytoplasmic basophilia in a blood cell indicates:

• increased cytoplasmic maturation

• decreased cytoplasmic maturation

• reduction in size of the cell

• decreased nuclear maturation

decreased cytoplasmic maturation

What percentage of neutrophils in the peripheral blood are considered the circulating pool:

• 5%

• 10%

• 50%

• 100%

50%

Metamyelocytes are characterized by:

• appearance of specific granules

• color of cytoplasm

• absence of nucleoli

• indentation of nucleus

indentation of nucleus

Plasma cells develop from which cell line:

• neutrophil

• lymphocyte

• monocyte

• erythrocyte

lymphocyte

The attachment of neutrophils to the blood vessel walls is referred to as:

• diapedesis

• opsonization

• phagocytosis

• margination

margination

The two stem cells that can originate from the pluripotent stem cells are:

• thromboid & erythroid

• myeloid & erythroid

• myeloid & lymphoid

• erythroid & lymphoid

myeloid & lymphoid

What is the largest normal cell in the bone marrow:

• myeloblast

• lymphoblast

• monoblast

• megakaryocyte

megakaryocyte

If a cell displays characteristics of 2 stages of development, how should it be named:

• as the less mature stage

• as the more mature stage

• as a skipocyte

• None of the above

as the more mature stage

Basophila in the cytoplasm is due to:

• DNA

• RNA

• Hemoglobin

• All of the above

RNA

When does a metamyelocyte become a band neutrophil:

• when the nuclear indentation is greater than ½ the diameter of the nucleus

• when the nuclear indentation is greater than ¾ the diameter of the nucleus

• when the nuclear indentation is greater than ¼  the diameter of the nucleus

• when secondary granules appear

when the nuclear indentation is greater than ½ the diameter of the nucleus

When does a band become a seg:

• when the nuclear indentation is greater than ½ the diameter of the nucleus

• when the nuclear indentation is greater than 3/4 the diameter of the nucleus

• when secondary granules appear

• when a thread of chromatin connects nuclear lobes

when the nuclear indentation is greater than 3/4 the diameter of the nucleus

Primary granules are:

• specific

• nonspecific

• produced after secondary granules

• prominent in myelocytes

nonspecific