NP-2 Nursing review

Presumptive Signs of Pregnancy

Subjective symptoms felt by the mother, such as amenorrhea, nausea, breast changes.

Probable Signs of Pregnancy

Objective findings observed by examiner, like positive pregnancy tests and Chadwick's sign.

Positive Signs of Pregnancy

Definite proof of pregnancy, including fetal heartbeat, fetal movement, and ultrasound visualization.

Amenorrhea

Absence of menstruation, often the first noticeable sign of pregnancy.

Morning sickness

Nausea and vomiting due to rising levels of hCG and estrogen.

Fatigue in Pregnancy

Tiredness due to early hormonal changes during pregnancy.

Chadwick’s sign

Bluish-purple discoloration of the cervix, indicating increased vascularity during pregnancy.

Goodell’s sign

Softening of the cervix around 6 weeks of pregnancy.

Hegar’s sign

Softening of the isthmus between the cervix and uterus.

Braxton Hicks contractions

Irregular and painless contractions occurring throughout pregnancy.

Naegele’s rule

Formula used to calculate estimated date of delivery: LMP + 7 days - 3 months.

First Trimester

Weeks 0-13; organogenesis and highest risk for teratogens.

Second Trimester

Weeks 14-26; golden period with increased energy and decreased nausea.

Third Trimester

Weeks 27-40; rapid fetal growth and increased maternal discomfort.

Fundal height

Measurement of the uterus; should correspond with gestational weeks after 20 weeks.

Estimated Date of Delivery (EDD)

Computed based on Naegele’s Rule from the last menstrual period.

Preterm Pregnancy

Pregnancy that lasts less than 37 completed weeks.

Term Pregnancy

Pregnancy duration between 37 to 42 weeks.

Post-term Pregnancy

Pregnancy that lasts longer than 42 weeks.

Prenatal Care

Care provided to the mother throughout her pregnancy to promote health and detect complications.

Family Planning

Methods that enable individuals to prevent or plan the timing of pregnancy.

Essential Newborn Care (ENC)

Protocols for handling newborns immediately after birth, such as drying and skin-to-skin contact.

Colostrum

The first form of milk produced by the mammary glands after giving birth; rich in antibodies.

Postpartum Hemorrhage (PPH)

Excessive bleeding after childbirth, often caused by uterine atony.

Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy

Conditions characterized by high blood pressure and proteinuria during pregnancy.

Gestational Diabetes

A form of diabetes that develops during pregnancy, usually resolved after delivery.

Hyperemesis Gravidarum

Severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy that leads to dehydration and weight loss.

Placenta Previa

A condition where the placenta covers the cervix, leading to painless vaginal bleeding.

Placental Abruption

Premature separation of the placenta from the uterus, often accompanied by painful bleeding.

Dystocia

Difficult or obstructed labor due to an abnormal presentation of the fetus.

Amniotic Fluid Embolism

A rare but serious condition where amniotic fluid enters maternal circulation, causing shock.

Analgesia in Labor

Pain relief methods during labor, including systemic and regional anesthesia.

Cystitis

Inflammation of the bladder, commonly experienced postpartum as a urinary tract infection.

Uterine Involution

The process by which the uterus returns to its pre-pregnant size after delivery.

Lochia

The vaginal discharge following childbirth, consisting of blood, mucus, and uterine tissue.

Emotional/Psychological Adjustments Postpartum

The mother's adjustment to her new role, including phases of dependence and independence.

Immunization for Adolescents

Vaccination recommendations for adolescents to prevent diseases such as HPV.

Freud – Psychosexual Development

Stages of human development where pleasure is focused on different erogenous zones.

Piaget – Cognitive Development

The theory that describes how children develop logical thinking and reasoning.

Erikson – Psychosocial Development

A theory that outlines stages of psychological development throughout the lifespan.

Bandura – Social Learning Theory

The theory suggesting that behavior is learned through observing others.

Assessment of Male Infertility

Evaluation of male partners typically involves semen analysis to determine fertility.

Artificial Insemination (AI)

A fertility treatment where sperm is artificially introduced into the female reproductive tract.

In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

The process of fertilizing an egg outside the body and transferring it into the uterus.

Premature Rupture of Membranes (PROM)

Rupture of the amniotic sac before the onset of labor.

Cord Prolapse

A complication in labor where the umbilical cord slips below the presenting part of the fetus.

Uterine Rupture

A severe complication where the uterus tears during labor, requiring immediate surgical intervention.

Fetal Distress

A term used to describe abnormal fetal heart rate patterns indicating that the fetus is not well.

Mastitis

An infection of breast tissue that results in breast pain, swelling, warmth, and redness.

Striae gravidarum

Stretch marks that appear on the skin during pregnancy due to rapid stretching.

DVT

Deep vein thrombosis; a condition where a blood clot forms in a deep vein, often in the legs.

Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy

Common discomfort due to hormonal changes; often treated with dietary adjustments.

Urinary frequency in pregnancy

Common during pregnancy due to pressure on the bladder from the growing uterus.

Backache in pregnancy

Discomfort caused by changes in posture and loosening of ligaments.

Leg cramps in pregnancy

Painful muscle contractions typically occurring in the legs during pregnancy.

Dyspnea in pregnancy

Shortness of breath experienced during the later stages of pregnancy due to diaphragm pressure.

Constipation in pregnancy

Difficulty in bowel movements often due to slow digestion caused by hormonal changes.

Skin changes during pregnancy

Alterations like chloasma and linea nigra due to hormonal influences.

Quickening

The first perceived fetal movement felt by the mother, usually between 16-20 weeks.

Epidural anesthesia

A regional anesthesia used to provide pain relief during labor.

Oxytocin

A hormone that stimulates uterine contractions during labor.

Relaxin

Hormone that helps to relax the ligaments in the pelvis and soften the cervix.

hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)

Hormone produced in early pregnancy; its detection indicates pregnancy.

Fetal heart tones

Sound of the fetal heartbeat, a positive sign of pregnancy typically heard with a Doppler.

Human placental lactogen (hPL)

Hormone that helps regulate maternal metabolism and growth of breast tissue.

Cervical mucus changes during pregnancy

Changes to cervical mucus often seen as a sign of pregnancy.

Risk factors for gestational diabetes

Obesity, advanced maternal age, family history, and prior gestational diabetes.

Common discomforts of pregnancy

Symptoms such as nausea, backache, and heartburn that women frequently experience.

Neonate care after birth

Immediate assessments and interventions for newborns to ensure their health.

Referral for genetic issues in pregnancy

Providing counseling and support for genetic testing and implications.

Postpartum care for mother

Monitoring and supporting the mother's recovery and adaptation after childbirth.

Support for breastfeeding

Encouragement and provisions of information on best practices for breastfeeding.

Postpartum depression

A serious mental health condition affecting women after childbirth.

Psychosocial adjustments in pregnancy

The emotional and social considerations that accompany pregnancy.

Care of high-risk pregnancies

Specialized monitoring and intervention for pregnancies with increased complications.

Essential newborn screenings

Routine tests performed on newborns to detect possible congenital conditions.

Encouraging maternal bonding

Facilitating the early formation of attachment between mother and infant.

Family dynamics during pregnancy

The changes in family roles and relationships associated with pregnancy.

Nutrition during pregnancy

The importance of balanced nutrition for maternal and fetal health.

Immunization schedule for mothers

Vaccinations recommended during pregnancy for the mother's protection.

Psychological dimensions of pregnancy

The emotional changes pregnant women experience throughout their pregnancy.

Physical adaptations during pregnancy

Physiological changes the body goes through to accommodate the growing fetus.

Spiritual dimensions of pregnancy

Increased reliance on faith or cultural rituals during pregnancy.

Labor Duration for Primigravida

Typically lasts around 12-20 hours for a first-time mother.

Labor Duration for Multigravida

Typically lasts around 7-10 hours for a woman who has given birth before.

Patient education on labor signs

Informing about the difference between true labor and false labor.

Lab Tests at Initial Prenatal Visit

Tests such as CBC, urinalysis, and blood typing conducted during the first prenatal check.

Common postpartum complications

Postpartum hemorrhage, infection, and mental health issues.

Return of reproductive organs postpartum

The processes by which reproductive structures revert to pre-pregnancy states.

Fertility awareness and education

Knowledge of the menstrual cycle applied to responsibilities in family planning.

Postpartum urinary changes

Common changes such as increased urination due to lingering effects of pregnancy.

Postpartum psychosis

A rare but severe mental health condition requiring immediate assistance.

Assessment of newborn responses

Evaluating newborn reflexes and adapting care accordingly.

Role of the placenta postpartum

Continues to produce hormones influencing biological recovery after delivery.

Tocolytics

Medications used to inhibit contractions during preterm labor.

Vaccination schedule for neonates

Immunizations required shortly after birth for infant protection.

Support for postpartum adaptation

Emotional and practical support for mothers adjusting after childbirth.

Effects of hormones during pregnancy

The roles of estrogen and progesterone in maintaining pregnancy health.

Education on STIs and prevention

Information provided to reduce the risk of sexually transmitted infections.

Attention to maternal physical changes

Monitoring for normal physiological adjustments in women after childbirth.