philosophy

where does the word “philosophy came from?

2 greek words: philos(love) and sophia(wisdom)

who first used the term “philosophy”?

first used by Pythagoras to mean “love of wisdom” or in Greek “philia Sophia”

who r the 3 most renowned greek philosophers?

Socrates, Plato, Aristotle

what did they introduce?

the rational capacities of man and how these capacities can be used and developed, we all have the freedom to explore the world

who is socrates?

he was born about 470 BC in Athens, Greece. He’s appearance was frequently described as grotesque. He was short, thick-set and ugly. His clothes were old and poor. he cared little or nothing for external appearances.

his way of doing philosophy was by making dialogues with various people. He would spend most of the time in the marketplace and talk to people from different walks of life.

socrates

what happened to socrates?

he was charged with corrupting the minds of the youth. His manner of doing philosophy became the cause of his death. In the end he willfully accepted his death rather than renouncing his beliefs and practices.

he is one of the students who gathered around socrates, he served as a transcriber of the past, and he wrote down the dialogue of socrates

Plato

plato’s famous stories and allegories

allegory of the cave, can be found in his book the republic

the story explains what?

the 2 World of Plato, the real world and the unreal. it seeks truth

he studied under Plato and put up his school called lyceum, he also opposed plato’s theory of forms

aristotle

the forms can be achieved through what?

through the senses, he maintained that things can be known and proven using the census in the faculty of reason

what are the two categories of form according ro aristotle?

the substance and accidents

who said that “ Nothing is in the intellect that was not first in the senses”

st thomas aquinas

are centered on finding the answers to the question “who and what am I”, it focuses on searching for the meaning of being human

eastern philosophy

being one of the greatest traditions in Asian China, it started by kongzi or Confucius, it also includes wider scope of subjects including morality society philosophy and religion and practices and values

confucianisim

a good rulee should have perfect?

virtue

3 principles a ruler should abide by

1. manifest a clear character

2. show concern for the people

3. aim for the highest good

two notable confucian virtues

jen(ren) means human heartedness or a compassionate person

Yi or righteousness it consist of doing things in the right manner

this means a gentleman should possess the virtue of jen and yi

chung tzu or junzi

is a living tradition whose roots can be traced from the life and teachings of Siddharta Gautama who is also known as the historical buddha

Buddhism

the 4 noble truth according to buddhism

1. human life is pervaded by suffering

2. suffering is a result of craving

3. There is a state of freedom from suffering called Nirvana

4. anyone can attain Nirvana by following the eightfold path

the eightfold path

right view (knowing the noble truth and Buddha teaching as a whole)

right resolve (the intention to renounce sexual drive and intention of non ill will and noncruelty

right speech (not engaging in speech that is false, malicious harsh or idle)

right action (not killing living beings, not taking what is not given and avoiding misconduct in sexual pleasures)

right livelihood (resolve not to be earn ones living in a way that violates the ethical code)

right effort (eliminating and preventing unwholesome states and develop meditative practice)

right mindfulness (contemptations of the body feelings and mind)

right concentration (the attainment of progressively higher mental states

buddhas ethical teachings and the three kinds of true knowledge

karma and rebirth

1. knowledge of past lives

2. the cycle of rebirth is governed by karma

3. the four noble truths

this philosophy responds to the question, “who am i?” and is essentially spiritual that the human person is conceived as spiritual in nature

indian philosophy

indian philosophy is more concerned with the?

importance of the cause

The kinds of philosophy that are distinguished from one another, according to the topic of the issues being addressed

the thematic types

The kinds of philosophy that are distinguished from one another, according to the solution that is being proposed for a certain issue

the positional types

The kind of philosophy that are distinguished from one another, according to method used to resolve a certain issue

the merhodological types

what are the philosophical views of metaphysics? and its meanings

Metaphysics

Study of reality, existence, and the fundamental nature of all things

• Idealism: Reality is rooted in mind/consciousness; matter is secondary

• Materialism: Only physical matter/forces exist; mind comes from matter

• Dualism: Reality has two separate substances: mind and matter

• Monism: All reality comes from one single substance

• Pluralism: Reality is made of many distinct, irreducible kinds

what are the philosophical views of epistemology and its meanings?

Epistemology

Study of knowledge: how we gain it, what counts as truth

• Empiricism: Knowledge comes from sensory experience/observation

• Rationalism: Knowledge comes from logic, reason, and innate ideas

• Pragmatism: Truth/knowledge = what works practically to solve problems

• Critical Philosophy: Examines the limits and rules of what humans can know

Methodological Types

Philosophy classified by how it investigates issues

Analytic Philosophy

→ Clarify ideas via logic, language, concepts

Phenomenology

→ Study lived experience; set aside assumptions

Hermeneutics

→ Interpret meaning via text/context analysis

Marxism

→ Analyze issues through history, economy, class

Existentialism

→ Explore freedom, choice, life’s meaning

Feminism

→ Examine gender roles & inequality

Postmodernism

→ Challenge truths; analyze power & systems