HOA3: Chinese Architecture (copy)

Cin

First recorded use of the word "China"

Cina

Term for porcelain or ceramic ware originally made in China

Qin

From the dynasty that nified China; "yellow-colored" barbarian tribe from the north

Zhongguo

central country, as they believes that they were the "Center of Civilization"

Cathay or Cathai

It is a historical/poetic name for China that was used in Europe

China

Largest country in Asia

Russia

Largest country in the world

Yellow River (Huang He)

Also called "The Great Sorrow" because each spring the rivers would overflow their banks.

Yangtze River (Chang Jiang)

Third longest river in the world at 2432 mi

Pearl River (Zhu Jiang)

848 mi long river in China

North China

Dominated by the alluvial plains along the Yellow River.

Gobi Desert

This desert lies to the North of China

South China

This region is drained by the Yangtze River. Its climate is warm and humid

Mount Everest

It is the highest point along the Tibetan Plateau

Mount Everest

It is the highest mountain in the world

Outer China

It is the huge area to the north and weat of China Proper

Manchuria

Part of Northeast China included in Outer China

Wood-frame Construction

It is the most distinctive architectural feature

Timber

It is the principal material in China

Bricks

These are the materials used in roofs

Limestone and Sandstone

It is used in threshold, stairs, balusters, engineering works

Silk Road

It is the trade route in China

Silk Road

It led to the establishment of extensive trading which made China the largest economy

True

True or False:

The People's Republic of China is officially an atheist state.

Buddhism
Taoism
Christianity
Islam

5 Religions recognized by the government of China

Confucianism

It was a new code of social conduct and philosophy of life

Middle Way

It is a key concept originating in China that describes their philosophy of life

Taoism

It is founded by Lao Tzu, which offered a doctrine of universal love as solution to social disorder

Taoism

It controlled the planning of societies, cities, and design of the building

Feng Shui

It is based on the belief that forces exist in every locality and this affects the energy flow within space, buildings, towns, and cities.

Yin and Yang

It is a taoist idea that describes nature as two balancing forces. It also refers to the interaction of two energies.

2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

Lucky numbers in China

4

This number is categorized as unlucky even though it is an even number, because its pronunciation rhymes with the Chinese word "Si" meaning "death"

Lo Shu Magic Square

It is also called Bagua Chart

15

The sum of the numbers in every direction in every row of the Lo Shu Magic Square

15

Number of days it takes for the new moon to become a full moon

Lo Shu Magic Square

This symbolizes the natural order of the universe. This pattern was also used to control the river tides

Dynasties

They rule the country under one family

Emperors

They are Chinese rulers that are based on the Confucian Model

Emperors

They are also called Son of God

Ancient China
Early Imperial China
Latter Imperial China
Republic of China
People's Republic of China

Dynasties in China

Zhoukoudian Cave

It is the first evidence of human habitation

Homo Erectus

They are estimated to have lived approximately 300,000 to 550,000 years ago

Peking Man

Anothe term for Homo Erectus

Zhou Dynasty

They emerged in the Huang He Valley overrunning the Shang

Zhou Dynasty

It is called "Mandate of Heaven"

Tianming

"Mandate of Heaven." It is the notion that the ruler "the son of heaven" or governed by divine

Qin Dynasty

It is the first Chinese Empire. They standardized the language and writing; and its currency as a circular copper coin with a square hole in the middle.

Great Wall

It was built in the north, to protect against invasions, later developed by the Ming Dynasty

Huge Palace

It was built for Qin Shi Huang

Teracotta Warriors

It is the mausoleum of the first qin emperor

Around 8000

How many terracotta warriors are in 3 main chambers?

Gaozu (Liu Bang)

He iverthrew the Qin Emperor and assumed power

Golden Age of China

It is the period of prosperity, with the country embracing Confucianism

Buddhism

It is the first religion that came to China

Higly educated ministers
Government Administrators

Things Emperor Gaozu invested in during his reign

Tang Dynasty

It is the second largest and longest enduring empire after the Han Empire

Buddhism

It is the dominant religion during the Tang Dynasty

Confuciansim

It became the national religion at the end of the Tang Dynasty and banned all other religions

Wu Chao

She is the only female empress in China

Printing

An important development during the Five Dynasties

Five Dynasties

The practice of binding women's feet began during this time

Foot Binding

It was first practiced among the elite in the wealthiest parts of China, which suggests that binding the feet of well-born girls represented their freedom from manual labor and, at the same time, the ability of their husbands to afford wives who did not work

Northern and Southern Song Dynasty

-Use of gunpowder
-Foreign trade expanded greatly
- Educationa dn the examination system became central to the upper class

Yuan Dynasty
Ming Dynasty
Qing Dynasty

Latter Imperial China Dynasties

Mongols

They are first of only two times that the entire area of China was ruled by foreigners

Kublai Khan

He established the Yuan Dynasty

Genghis Khan

He placed on the official record of Kublai Khan as the founder of the dynasty

Ming Dynasty

It is one of the greatest eras of orderly government and social stability

Ming Dynasty

This dynasty is when the repair and completion of the Great Wall of China happened. And also the establishment of the forbidden city

Qing Dynasty

It is the last imperial dynasty of China

Boxer Rebellion

It is a violent anti-foreign, anti-Christian Movement by the "Righteous Fists of Harmony" or Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists in China

Xinhai Revolution

It brought an end to the Qing Dynasty and established the Republic of China

Concept of Bilateral Symmetry
Enclosure
Hierarchy
Horizontal Emphasis
Cosmology
Materials and Construction

Basis of Ancient Chinese Architecture

Bilateral Symmetry

It is applied in both complexes and farmhouses

Secondary Elements

These are positioned either side of main structures to maintain bilateral symmetry

Even numbers of columns
Odd numbers of Bays
Main door located at the central bay

These are included in the building design in accordance to the concept of bilateral symmetry

Siheyuan

It is an empty space surrounded by buildings connected with one another either directly or through verandas

Open Courtyards

It is a common feature in many types of Chinese Architecture

Sky well

This is common in the South. It is essentially a relatively enclosed courtyard formed from the intersections of closely spaced buildings. It offers a small opening to the sky through the roof space from the floor up

Temperature Regulation
Maximum exposure of the windows + walls to the sun
Collect rainwater from the rooftops

Function of Enclosure

Hierarchy

This refers to the placement of buildings within a site based on its importance

True

True or False:

Doors facing the front are considered more important than those facing the sides

True

True or False:

Buildings facing away from the front are the least important

True

True or False:

More private location + higher exposure to sunlight = reserved for elders

East and West

Buildings facing these directions are generally for junior members of the family

Servants

Buildings near the front are reserved for these people

False

Front-facing

True or False:

Back-facing buildings in the back of the properties are used for celebratory rites and for the placement of ancestral halls and plaques

Imperial Palaces
Residences of Royal Relatives
Mandarin (Bureaucrat) Residence
Wealthy Businessmen
Ordinary People

Hierarchy exists in the type of architecture for the different members of society:

Front Part

This part of the imperal palace is for the Emperor to handle official businesses

Rear Part

This part of the Imperial Palace is the residence for emperors and concubines

East Part

This part of the Imperial Palace is where the shrines for the ancestors is

West Part

This part of the Imperial Palace is where the shrines for agricultural deities are

Yin-Yang Principle

Overall Arrangement of Imperial Palace = traditional Chinese requirements + ___

Residences of Royal Relatives

It is less solemn and much smaller in size and scale compared to Imperial Palace

9

Maximum number of engraved beasts in the Residences of Royal Relatives

9

This number symbolizes the emperor's supreme sovereignty

Prince Gong's Mansion

It was constructed in 1777 during the Qing Dynasty for Heshen.

Heshen

He was a prominent court official who was tried and found to be corrupt, so the mansion was seized and given to Prince Qing, the 17th and youngest son of Qianlong Emperor

Mandarin (Bureaucrat) Residence

This place was also retsricted by a set of rules, as all buildings were legally regulated. It contains Guardian Lions