Homeostasis and Integration of Body Systems - Human Body Systems - IB Biology SL Flashcards

This flashcards set is based off of my IB Biology study guide for Human Body Systems specifically the part on Homeostasis and Integration.

Positive Feedback loop

a loop that continues an effect away from homeostasis ex. contractions before birth

Negative Feedback loop

a loop that reinforces normal body conditions ex. sweating to reduce body temperature

Thyroid Gland

produces thyroxin

White Adipose Tissue

produces leptin

Alpha cells in Pancreas

produces and sercretes glucagon

beta cells in Pancreas

produces and secretes insulin

Thyroxin

increases metabolism around the body, this helps regulate body temperature

Leptin

suppresses appetite by acting on the hypothalamus of the brain

Insulin

reduces blood sugar levels by encouraging muscles to uptake glucose from blood, keeping blood sugar at normal levels

Glucagon

encourages body to break down starches and release glucose into blood

Type 1 diabetes

happens when a person has a autoimmune disorder where their body kill Beta Cells that produce insulin, this leads to a inability to produce insulin and so it is required to take insulin injections

Type II Diabetes

Typically occurs in adulthood in response to building a tolerance to insulin, must be managed through diet/lifestyle changes

Autonomic Nervous System

part of motor division of peripheral nervous system, controls involuntary movements

Somatic Nervous System

part of motor division of peripheral nervous system, controls voluntary movements

Brain

controls more conscious actions like memory or thinking, it receives exterior sensory information as well as some interior pain information and controls conscious motor actions through motor neurons

Spinal Cord

controls unconscious actions like breathing or digesting food, this means it receives signals from interior sensory neurons like chemoreceptors and manages things like blood pH, it also tends to control interior motor neurons.

Central Nervous System (CNS)

consists of the brain and spinal cord (only relay neurons) and takes in and processes information as well sending out orders to the rest of the body

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

consists of motor and sensory neurons outside of brain and spinal cord and communicates back to brain and spinal cord through large collection of nerves throughout the body

Reflex arc

pain is received by sensory neuron, then it is sent to the spinal cord then to a motor neuron which triggers a muscle to contract pulling the body away from the threat

Cerebellum

coordinates movement both fine motor and gross motor, takes in signals from propioreceptors to regulate balance

Cerebrum

regulates behavior, takes in sensory information, among other things

Pineal Gland

takes in information about light levels and then uses that information to decide the secretion of melatonin eventually leading to sleepiness

Sympathetic nervous system

fight or flight

Parasympathetic Nervous System

rest and digest

Epinephrine

released by hypothalamus and activates the sympathetic nervous system, increases heart rate, breathing and responsiveness, allowing for quicker reaction time and greater strength

Hypothalamus

gives orders on what hormones to secrete into bloodstream to pitutary gland via hormones

Anterior Pituitary lobe

receives signals from hypothalamus and produces and secretes ordered hormones into blood stream

Posterior Pituitary gland

stores hormones and releases into blood stream when needed, doesn’t produce

Baroreceptors

detect pressure in cardiovascular system and in movements, helps regulate homeostasis by providing signals to regulate blood pressure to normal though chronic high blood pressure can lead to changes in perceived normal levels

Chemoreceptors

detect chemical state of blood or other things, help maintain healthy pH in blood by providing signals of that pH, blood pH tends to correlate with the amount of CO2 in the blood so this instruction allows the body when it needs to breathe more or less