topic 16 and 17 immune disorders and vaccines

primary immunodeficiency

usually genetic basis, develop in early childhood

secondary immunodeficiency

can be acquired at any age in response to an infection (HIV)

what would be the overall effect on the immune system for a person with a T cell immunodeficiency

A-The immune system would be unable to respond to endogenous antigens

B-The immune system would be unable to respond to exogenous antigens

C-The immune system would be unable to respond to both endogenous and exogenous antigens

c- The immune system would be unable to respond to both endogenous and exogenous antigens

What would be the overall on the immune system for a person with a B cell immunodeficiency?

A-The immune system would be unable to respond to extracellular antigens

B-The immune system would be unable to respond to intracellular antigens

C-The immune system would be unable to respond to both extracellular and intracellular antigens

a- the immune system would be unable to respond to extracellular antigens

unable to protect against extracellular infections (antibody mediated response)

selective IgA deficiency

B cell immunodeficiency

DiGeorge Syndrome

T cell immunodeficiency

Hyper IgM syndrome

B cell immunodeficiency

severe combined immunodeficiencies (SCID)

T cell immunodeficiency

Bare Lymphocyte syndrome

T cell immunodeficiency

brutons disease

B cell immunodeficiency

common variable immunodeficiency (CVID)

B cell immunodeficiency

an example of primary immunodeficiency is HIV true or false

false

if a person has an immunodeficiency, infections can be prevented by immunoglobulin therapy true or false

true

leukemia is a cancer of lymphoid cells t or f

true

lymphocytes that react with self antigens would cause an auto-immune disease t or f

true

naturally acquired immunity- active

response to natural antigen, body produces antibody or cell mediated response and MEMORY cells

naturally acquired immunity- passive

response to natural antigen, antibodies transferred from mother to offspring , short lived immunity

artificially acquired immunity - active

response to artificial antigen in VACCINE, body produces antibody or cell mediated response and memory cells

artificially acquired immunity- passive

given antisera/anti-toxin, NO MEMORY CELLS ARE PRODUCED

what physician developed a vaccination for small pox using cowpox

edward jenner

killed whole cell (inactivated vaccine)

pathogen inactivated for chemicals (formalin) or heat.  Pathogen is dead and cannot cause disease

live- attenuated disease

made from live pathogen that weakened or avirulent

toxoid vaccine

vaccine made against pathogens toxin.

toxins is inactivated by chemically or heat treatments

toxin does not cause sign and symptoms of disease

examples of toxoid vaccine examples

tetanus and diphtheria are inactivated toxins in the DTaP vaccine

what does the MMR vaccine provide protection for

measles, mumps, rubella

measles

red measles (Rubeloa) (skin rash, pneumonias, encephalitis, SSPE - Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis)

mumps

swelling in parotid/salivary glands

rubella

german or three day measles (skin rash/birth defects)

what does DTaP vaccine provide protection for

diphtheria, teatanus, and pertussis

which vaccine provides the strongest immune response

a- whole-inactivated

b-live-attenuated

c-toxoid

b- live attenuated

because it is a live, but weakened pathogen (closest to the real live pathogen)

the booster shot is given because the initial vaccine dose(s) does not provide strong enough immunity for a long enough time true or false

true

which abbreviation describes vaccination given by mouth

a- PO

b- IM

c-BM

D-IV

A- PO

herd immunity

when enough people become vaccinated to a communicable disease so transmission of disease to an unvaccinated individual is less likely

what is an antitoxin and why would it be used

pre-formed antibodies against a toxin (snake bite, tetanus) which is PASSIVE immunotherapy

provides immediate protection

no immunity

vaccinations cause autism and diabetes t or f

false

common trends in vaccine preventable diseases and their transmission

most vaccine preventable diseases spread though respiratory droplets or direct contact (eg, measles, covid, diphtheria,)

some diseases like polio and pertussis are still a threat under-vaccinated areas

toxins (eg, tetanus, diphtheria) cause disease rather than the bacteria itself requiring a different vaccine strategy

importance of different vaccine platforms in public health

• Live attenuated vaccines (e.g., MMR, OPV) create strong immunity but aren't safe for immunocompromised individuals.

• Killed/inactivated vaccines (e.g., IPV, flu shot) are safer but may need boosters.

• Toxoid vaccines (e.g., tetanus, diphtheria) protect against bacterial toxins rather than the bacteria itself.

• mRNA vaccines (e.g., COVID-19) allow rapid development and strong protection without using live virus.

• Protein subunit vaccines (e.g., flu, HPV) focus on specific viral proteins, reducing risks but sometimes requiring adjuvants for better immunity.

real world vaccine hesitancy issues

• Misinformation: Many people wrongly believe vaccines cause diseases (e.g., flu shot causes flu, mRNA changes DNA).

• Safety Concerns: Some fear new platforms like mRNA, despite evidence of safety and effectiveness.

• Religious or Personal Beliefs: Some communities refuse vaccines based on cultural beliefs, requiring targeted public health campaigns.

• Lack of Access: In low-income or rural areas, logistical challenges prevent vaccination, increasing disease spread.