apush terms unit 1

inca

• complex agriculture (potatoes, etc) & construction

• defeated by Spanish conquest in 1500s —> Francisco Pizarro

• South America (peru, bolivia, etc)

• complex infrastructure —> Machu Picchu

aztecs

• mexico

• war-like culture

• human sacrifice

• formed by wars & loose groups

• smallpox epidemic

• defeated by Spanish conquest —> hernan cortes

mayans

• yucatan peninsula, southern Mexico, etc

• complex irrigation & large cities

• advanced math & astronomy

• maize

• system of hieroglyphics + calendar system

• defeated by spanish

pueblos

• southwest US, arid, desert

• adobe & stone dwellings

• agriculture based, sometimes hunted

• basket making, pottery

• farmed maize

creeks

• southeast US (georgia, alabama)

• alliances, trade

• resistant European colonization

• matrilineal society

• mostly stationary

choctaws

• mississippi region

• allied at times with Europeans (french)

• faced forced removal on the Trail of Tears

cherokee

• Southeastern U.S.

• developed a written language and constitution

• forcibly removed from their lands —> trail of tears

iroquois confederacy

• alliance of five (later six) tribes

• present-day New York, northeast

• involved in the fur trade

• significant for its model of representative government —> Great Law of Peace

• led by Hiawatha

hiawatha

• helped found the iroquois confederacy

• fostered unity, strength, & peace

vinland

• in North America

• Vikings such as Leif Erikson explored

• Europeans had already been in contact with the land before Christopher Columbus.

portuguese slave trade

• Portuguese explorerd the west coast of Africa

• captured the first groups of Africans on the Mauritanian coast and shipped them to Portugal and later many Africans were enslaved and sent to Brazil.

• direct route was established between the Port of Luanda and Brazil and eventually led up to the transatlantic slave trade.

vasco da gama

• Portuguese explorer

• led the first naval expedition from Europe to India

• sailed around the tip of Africa —> “Cape of Good Hope”

• major trade achievement

christopher columbus

• Italian explorer who was funded by Spain (Isabella & Ferdinand)

• goal of reaching India and/or China

• led to Columbian exchange

• landed in the Bahamas in 1492

hispanola

• an island in the Caribbean colonized by Spain after Christopher Columbus

• first permanent European settlement in the Americas other than Vikings

• a base for further Spanish exploration and conquest

old world diseases

• Smallpox, measles, yellow fever

• brought from the Europeans to previously isolated native communities

• during the Columbian exchange

• caused devastation

treaty of tordesillas

• 1494

• treaty that divided the world between Spain and Portugal

• started as a decree by the Spanish-born Pope, Alexander VI

• After complaints, the new boundary enabled Portugal to claim the coast of Brazil after its discovery by Pedro Alvarez Cabral in 1500.

vasco Nunez balboa

• a Spanish explorer

• first European to lead an expedition that has seen the Pacific from the New World

• first permanent settlement on the coast of Panama

ferdinand magellan

• Portuguese explorer

• led the first expedition to circumnavigate the globe

• died halfway through his journey,

• found a westward route from Europe to the East Indies

juan Ponce de leon

• spanish explorer

• exploration of Florida

• establishment of a European settlement in Puerto Rico

• killed by native americans with an arrow through his chest

• participated in a campaign against the Moors

francisco coronado

• spanish explorer

• led an expedition for the legendary Seven Cities of Gold/Cibola

• failed to find gold

• discovered the Grand Canyon of the Colorado River and enormous herds of buffalo. 

hernando de soto

• with 600 men, led a huge expedition across the US searching for gold

• treated natives horribly

• discovered and crossed the mississippi river.

hernan cortes

• Spanish conquistador

• conquered Aztec Empire 1519–1521

• victory opened the door for Spain’s dominance in the Americas, shaping future European colonization.

john cabot

• Italian explorer sailing for England in 1497

• landed in Newfoundland

• gave England its earliest claim to territory in North America.

giovanni de verrazano

• An Italian explorer hired by the French King Francis I

• explored the Atlantic coast of North America, including present-day New York Harbor

• helped establish French claims in the New World

robert de la salle

• French explorer

• explored the Mississippi River

• claimed the Louisiana Territory for France, named it after King Louis XIV

father junipero serra

• Spanish Franciscan missionary

• founded the first nine missions in California in the late 1700s

• spread Catholicism and Spanish culture

• disrupted Native American life.

nation-states

• Independent political entities with centralized governments that emerged in Europe in the 1400s and 1500s.

• funded exploration and colonization

• fueling competition for power and land in the New World.

mound builders

• Hopewell, adena, mississippian people

• East Coast

• built massive structures

• revealed their religious traditions, organizations of labor, and elite class structure.

cahokia

• located near the Mississippi River Valley

• the largest settlement between 10 and 30,000 people.

• Power chieftains led a centralized government and engaged in extensive trade networks

• large agricultural growth —> bigger population

caravel

• fast highly navigable ship

• made use of the lateen sail, which could take wind from both sides, making it easier to sail more closely into the wind.

• led to an increase in trade and even new trading ports.

plantation system

• based on large-scale commercial agriculture

• wholesale exploitation of slave labor

• producing cash crops for export

columbian exchange

• transfer of diseases, plants, animals, minerals, and people between the Old and New Worlds

• natives were not immune to the diseases the Spanish carried

• transfer of new foods created the opportunity for a more varied diet, which meant healthier populations

• horse was introduced to the Americas

• fostered shift from feudalism to capitalism

conquistadores

• swept across the Americas in search of gold, God and glory

• small minority of the conquistadores were nobles\

• most were in the lower class wanting to create a name for themselves and discover riches

• colonial administrators replaced the conquistadores.

capitalism

• the increase in Europe’s wealth fueled the growth of capitalism

• an economic system based on private ownership in the free and open exchange of goods between property owners

encomienda

• introduced by the Spanish

• a system where the encomenderos required indigenous people to work for them. In return, the Spanish crown had to provide protection and Christianization.

• began to rely on the importation of enslaved Africans to work in the mines and plantations

mestizos

• blended people of mixed indigenous and European heritage (specifically Spanish)

pope’s rebellion

• occurred in 1680 in what is now New Mexico

• led by the Tewa Pueblo holy man Po'pay

• uprising of various Native American Pueblo groups against the Spanish colonizers

• successfully drove out the Spanish for twelve years by killing over 400 colonists and destroying mission churches, though the Spanish eventually returned to reconquer the region

black legend

• an anti-Spanish propaganda trope

• portraying Spain and Spaniards as uniquely cruel, corrupt, and exploitative during their colonial era, especially in the America.

ferdinand of aragon

• co-founding a unified Spain with his wife, Isabelle I of Castile, 

• sponsored Columbus's first voyage

• completed the Reconquista by conquering Granada in 1492

• initiated Spain's emergence as a global empire

• religious intolerance through the Spanish Inquisition and the expulsion of non-Christians.

isabella of castille

• unified spain with ferdinand of aragon

• sponsoring Christopher Columbus’s voyage to the Americas

• established the Catholic faith as central to Spanish identity

• Spanish Inquisition and the expulsion of Jews and Muslims

francisco pizarro

• conquering the Inca Empire in Peru

• brought immense wealth to Spain

bartolome de Las Casas

• early critic of Spanish colonial abuse

• advocating for the rights and equal humanity of Indigenous peoples in the Americas. 

moctezuma

• last ruler of the Aztec Empire

• military leader and administrator who expanded the empire

• interactions with Hernán Cortés preceded the Spanish Conquest and the fall of the civilization

queen Elizabeth I

• established anglican church

• supported colonization

• moderate religious settlement

• overseas expansion

• great military victories like the Armada

• flowering of cultural life epitomised by Shakespeare

• golden age

sir Francis drake

• first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe

• also a secret pirate mission sanctioned by Queen Elizabeth against the Spanish.

sir Walter raleigh

• served under Queen Elizabeth I

• strong advocate for colonization

• sponsored an expedition to the New World to potentially establish the first English settlement

philip II

• spain

• Catholic monarch who strongly opposed Protestants

• made efforts to suppress the Protestant movement

• supported the Spanish Inquisition

• enforced Catholic orthodoxy and targeted those suspected of heresy

• launched the Spanish Armada, a naval fleet, with the goal of invading England under Protestant Queen Elizabeth I, but failed.

spanish armada

• failed attempt by Spanish King Philip II to invade Protestant England and restore Catholicism. Philip II launched a fleet of around 130 ships, but was defeated by the English and by powerful wind.

french huguenots

• French Protestants

• generally Calvinists

• heavily persecuted by Catholics during the French Wars of Religion

• St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre in 1592, where thousands of Huguenots in Paris were brutally murdered.

edict of nantes

• passed by Henry IV of France

• ended the French Wars of Religion

• granted religious freedom to French Huguenots

laws of primogeniture

• English inheritance laws

• required all property to be passed down to the eldest son

• common in England and its colonies during the 1600s and 1700s.

• pushed many younger sons and landless men to seek opportunities in the American colonies, fueling migration and settlement

roanoke island

• Sir Walter Raleigh sponsored a voyage to Roanoke Island

• attempted to establish the first English colony, however failed

• colony struggled to survive and was abandoned

• A larger colony led by John White arrived on the Island

• vanished completely. The word “CROATOAN” was inscribed on a post

colonial charter

• document given by the British crown that outlined the rules and rights of a colony

• enabled more independent and self-governance, which eventually led to resistance from British control over the colonies.

james I

• ruled over Scotland and begun the Stuart Dynasty in England

• supported and funded the first English settlement in North America, called Jamestown

• heavily emphasized the divine right of kings and royal authority, which caused tensions with the English Parliament.