PSYCH 100 Exam 1

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151 Terms

1
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How our unconscious thought processes and emotional responses to childhood experiences affect our behavior was the focus of
Freudian psychology.
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Psychology is defined as the:
scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
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_____ is NOT one of the main elements of the scientific attitude.
Introspection
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what are the three main elements of the scientific attitude?
humility

curiosity

skepticism
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Titchener is to _____ as James is to functionalism.
structuralism
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A psychologist asks research participants to report their immediate sensations, images, and feelings as they taste a new soda. This is a research method called
introspection
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The _____ bias is also called the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon.
hindsight
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SQ3R is a study method incorporating five steps: survey, question, read, _____, and review.
retrieve
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what is correlation research?
assess the relationship between variables
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what is dual processing?
processing information on conscious and unconscious tracks at the same time
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Discerning the unstated assumptions and values that underlie conclusions BEST illustrates _____, which is an important learning tool
critical thinking
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An axon transmits messages _____ the cell body and a dendrite transmits messages _____ the cell body.
away

toward
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The brain and the spinal cord constitute the _____ nervous system.
central
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The endocrine system is the body's _____ system
"slow" chemical communication
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When neuroscientists say that the brain demonstrates plasticity, they mean that the brain is
changeable
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Which muscles are controlled by the somatic nervous system?
skeletal system
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if you have epilepsy what should you avoid??
MSG
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Which of these divisions of the nervous system is the broadest or MOST inclusive
peripheral
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Nico's wife wakes him from his peaceful slumber to tell him she heard a noise. As he slowly gets up to investigate, his heart begins to race, his mouth is dry, and he begins to sweat. Clearly Nico's _____ system has been activated.
sympathetic nervous system
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A correlation coefficient is a(n):
numerical indicator of the strength and direction of a relationship between two factors.
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A correlational study
examines how strongly two variables are related to one another
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A hypothesis is a(n):
\n tentative statement that describes the relationship between two or more variables.
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A placebo effect is
\n a change in a subject's behavior that is produced by the subject's beliefs and expectations rather than the actual drug, treatment, or procedure.
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A useful theory is one that does all of the following EXCEPT
ensures statistical significance in an experiment.
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Behaviorism focuses on _____.
\n observable behaviors
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Ethical standards for animal research in psychology:
are set by the American Psychological Association and by state and federal laws.
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Which of the following events do most historians consider as the formal beginning of psychology as a scientific discipline?
\n the establishment of the first psychology research laboratory by Wilhelm Wundt in 1879
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Which of the following is NOT a step in the scientific method
Apply the findings to solve human problems.
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Which type of research method is used to show that one variable causes change in another variable
experimental research
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Case studies:
\n are commonly used by clinical psychologists and other mental health professionals to develop a complete profile of a psychotherapy client.
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Experiments can provide important information, but they also have limitations. Which of the following is one of the limitations discussed in textbook?
\n Experiments are often conducted in highly controlled laboratory environments and thus may have little to do with actual behavior
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In a double-blind study
\
both the participants and the researcher who interacts with them are unaware of the treatment or condition to which the participants have been assigned
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Positive correlation is to negative correlation as _____ is to _____
\n variables moving in the same direction; variables moving in opposite directions
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According to your textbook, which specialty area is the MOST popular choice for psychologists who have recently received their doctorates?
clinical psychology
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Which of the following statements about positive psychology is TRUE?
It is focused on developing therapeutic techniques that increase personal well-being rather than just alleviating troubling symptoms
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what type of system are humans?
biopsychosocial
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what is the function of dendrites?
receives messages from the other cells
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what is the function of an axon?
passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands
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what is the function of the myelin sheath?
covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses
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what is the job of the terminal branches of axon?
form junction with the other cells
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what is the function of the cell body?
the cell’s life-support center
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what is the job of the neural impulses?
action potential; electrical signal traveling down the axon
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Acetylcholine (Ach)
Plays a role in learning and memory

Messenger between motor neurons and skeletal muscles
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Endorphins
Naturally occurring opiates produced in the brain
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Nervous system
Electrochemical communication network consisting of all nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous system
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Endocrine system
Slow chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream
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adrenal glands
inner part helps trigger the ‘fight or flight’ response

(epinephrine and norepinephrine)
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pituitary glands
secretes many different hormones, some of which affect other glands
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Brain 🡺 pituitary 🡺 other glands 🡺 hormones 🡺 body and brain
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Hindbrain
Consists of the medulla, pons, and cerebellum; directs essential survival functions, such as breathing, sleeping, and wakefulness, as well as coordination and balance
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Midbrain
Found atop the brainstem; connects the hindbrain with the forebrain, controls some motor movement, and transmits auditory and visual information
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Forebrain
Consists of the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and hypothalamus; manages complex cognitive activities, sensory and associative functions, and voluntary motor activities
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Brainstem
Oldest part and central brain core; automatic survival functions; crossover point
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Medulla
Brainstem base; heartbeat and breathing
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Thalamus
Central control center at the top of the brainstem; directs messages to cortex sensory receiving areas and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla
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Reticular formation
Nerve network that travels through the brainstem into the thalamus; controls arousal
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Cerebellum
Little brain at the brainstem rear; processes sensory input, coordinates voluntary movement output and balance, and enables nonverbal learning and memory
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Amygdala
Two bean-sized neural clusters; emotions
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Hypothalamus
Neural system below the thalamus; directs maintenance activities; helps guide the endocrine system via the pituitary gland; emotion and reward
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Hippocampus
Seahorse-shaped neural structure; explicit, conscious memory
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Cerebral cortex
Ultimate control and information-processing center of body

20–23 billion brain nerve cells and 300 trillion synaptic connections
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Cerebral hemispheres
Paired and covered with intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells

Cortex of each hemisphere is divided into four lobes separated by fissures.
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Motor cortex
Rear of frontal lobes; controls voluntary movements
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Mapping the motor cortex
Body areas requiring precise control occupy the most cortical space (Foerster and Penfield)
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Brain-machine interfaces
Device implants are under study to detect and facilitate motor cortex activities in humans.

Implant recipients have learned to direct robotic arms with their thoughts.
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Auditory cortex
Receives information from ears; circuitous route from one ear to the auditory receiving area above the other ear

In temporal lobes
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Prefrontal cortex:
Enables judgment, planning, social interactions, and new memory processing; can alter personality and inhibitions when damaged; disconnects moral behavior from behavior
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Attributions for many brain-damage effects
Severed brain and spinal cord neurons do not regenerate.

Specific areas are preassigned for some brain functions
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Association areas
Cerebral cortex areas not involved in primary motor or sensory functions

Involved in higher mental functions (learning, remembering, thinking, speaking)

Found in all four lobes
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Neural plasticity and reorganization
May occur after serious damage, especially in young children

Makes unused brain areas available for other uses—for example, in case of blindness or deafness, or damage to one hemisphere
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Neurogenesis
New neurons may be produced, migrate elsewhere, and form connections.
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Right hemisphere
Increased activity with perceptual tasks

Modulates speech; allows for making inferences

Organizes self-awareness
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Left hemisphere
Math tasks

Language control; quick, literal interpretations
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Gene–environment interaction
Behavioral hallmark of humans is their enormous adaptive capacity.

Genes and environment interact
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Twin and adoption studies
Identical (monozygotic) twins

Fraternal (dizygotic) twins

Separated twins: Similarities noted

Biological versus adoptive relatives
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A biological psychologist would be most interested in conducting research on the relationship between
\n neurotransmitters and depression.
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A brain structure that is NOT part of the forebrain is the
pons
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A brief electrical charge that travels down the axon of a neuron is called the
action potential
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A limbic system reward center located in front of the hypothalamus is called the
nucleus accumbens
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A neuroscientist wants to show that stimulating a brain region of a normally calm dog could make it act aggressively. The neuroscientist should stimulate the dog’s
amyddala
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A slap on the back is more painful than a pat on the back because a slap triggers
more neurons to fire, and to fire more to fire often neurons
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Among deaf people, a temporal lobe area normally dedicated to hearing may begin to process visual signals. This best illustrates the impact of
neuroplasticity
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An MRI is a(n)
technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue.
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At the age of 10 months, Jane suffered brain damage as a result of a serious auto accident. Fortunately, Jane’s brain recovered because ________ is strongest in early childhood
neuroplasticity
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Barbara has recently suffered a left hemisphere stroke. Barbara can expect impairment in all of the following areas EXCEPT
intuition
86
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DNA is a molecule made up of two strands connected in a
double helix
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Environmental influences on personality traits are most clearly highlighted by comparing
identical twins raised together with identical twins raised apart.
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Evolutionary psychology studies the evolution of behavior and the mind using principles of
natural selection
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Identical twins have been shown to have some amazing psychological similarities. But we should be cautious about attributing these similarities to shared genes because
any two strangers are likely to share many coincidental similarities.
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In a recent car accident, Tamiko sustained damage to the right cerebral hemisphere. This injury is most likely to reduce Tamiko’s ability to
perceive emotions
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Mathilda believes in the healing effects of acupuncture and frequently advocates for its use. Researchers have been able to confirm its effectiveness and credit ________ for its effects.
endorphins
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Mike suffers from Parkinson’s disease and experiences tremors and loss of motor control. This is likely related to
too little dopamine
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Neurons are best described as
nerve cells that function as the building blocks of the nervous system.
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Neurotransmitters are released from button-like terminals at the end of the
axon
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Opiate drugs ________ mood and ________ pain.
elevate; ease
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define cognitive neuroscience
the interdisciplinary study of brain activity linked with mental processes
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define conscious experiences
Arise from synchronized activity across the brain
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Selective attention
Conscious awareness focused on a particular stimulus; minute aspect of all experiences

Example: Cocktail party effect
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what is an example of inattentional blindless?
failing to see visible objects when attention is directed elsewhere
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define change blindness
Failing to notice changes in the environment (form of inattentional blindness)