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-laying out of building
-process of relocating the point boundaries and property line of the site
Staking out
horizontal boards used to established the height of the finish foundation and to support the guidelines for the excavation of footing trenches.
Batterboard

distance of batter board from excavation
1.2 to 3 meters
vertical and horizontal line check
Spirit Level

vertical line check
Plumbob

horizontal line check
Leveling hose

manual method of squaring the corners of building lines in staking
3-4-5 multiple (steel tape)

temporary structure to support concrete
Formwork

Wall formwork

Metal formwork

Panel formwork

Aluminum table formwork

Climbing formwork

Circular formwork

wood or other material to produce groove
Rustification strip

wood strip to indicate top of concrete lift
Grade strip

materials for formwork?
Plywood, Fiberboards, Phenolic
to support top rebars
High chair

to support bottom rebars
Bolster

type of formwork
Continuous rib type

type of formwork
Stud type

temporary supports to carry forms for beams and slabs
Shoring

Shoring parts

Shoring parts

materials for shoring?
Lumber, steel
temporary supports for workers
Scaffolding

Scaffolding parts

Scaffolding parts

Scaffolding parts

Scaffolding parts

Scaffolding parts

2x2stock- columns, beams bottom, girder bottom
1x1stock- floor panels, beams sides, girder sides
2x4stock- struts, posts, shores, uprights
1x1 or 2x2- cleats
Sizes of lumber for formworks and shoring
used to prevent concrete from adhering to the wood
crude oil (petroleum)
minimum thickness of plywood for formworks?
1/2 "thk
wooden sticks used as posts sharpened at one end driven into the ground to serve as boundaries or supports of the batter
Stake

metal ties for keeping formworks
Formtie

Formtie samples

Pipe clamps
