UCSP Quiz 1

SOCIETY

a community of people that share common traditions, practices, and the like with a collective understanding of activities and interests

product of human interaction

human beings can live a total common life

anthropology, sociology, political science can change our perspective

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**NORMS**

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what is commonly acceptable

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**DEVIANCY**

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neglecting to follow norms

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**CULTURE**

embodiment of society’s way of life

**evidence of tangible heritage**

society’s tangible activities

POLITICS

how power is gained and employed

concept of power and leadership

the mere fact we live in a society

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**SCIENCE**

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\-pursuit and application of knowledge

\-evidence-based understand of the natural and social world 

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**SOCIAL SCIENCE**

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study of society and culture

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**HISTORY**

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study of past events that dictate social evolution

ECONOMICS

study of how humans produce, obtain, and distribute goods

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**PSYCHOLOGY**

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study of personality and individual and social behaviour

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**GEOGRAPHY**

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study of people’s interactions with their environment

ANTHROPOLOGY

* practices and traditions


* human race; the formation of its culture and society
* concentration is on human and cultural evolution

“culturally universal”

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patterns of similarity (equal but not the same)

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**POLITICAL SCIENCE**

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* exercise of law, power, and authority
* power relations 

POLITICAL SCIENCE, **Ayson-Reyes(2000)**:

study of state in all of its elements, aspects, and relationships

POLITICAL SCIENCE, Laswell

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hows, whens, and wheres of getting power and influence

power

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* the ability to make a person do something

state

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*  territory, government, people, and sovereignty

SOCIOLOGY

* **“socius”**: groups
* actions and interactions


* people’s social relationships and behaviours in society
* forces that mould individuals into their behaviour and determine social events

SOCIOLOGY, Tischler(2007)

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*  human society and social interactions

SOCIOLOGY, **Albert J. Reiss(1968)** **keywords**

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* institutions, organisations

SOCIOLOGY, Max Weber(1922) keywords

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* interpret the meaning of social interaction

SOCIOLOGY, C. Wright Mills, Social Imagination

comprehend personal understanding, challenges, limitations **(troubles)** and wider social challenges **(issues)**

without personal bias

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**UNDERLYING IDEAS IN SOCIOLOGY (BALLANTINE AND ROBERTS, 2011)**

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* people are social by nature
* people live their lives being part of social groups
* interaction is a two way process
* conflict and change is natural
* recurring social patterns, behaviour, expectations, and common understandings among people characterise groups

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**AUGUSTE COMTE(1838)**

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* coined the term sociology, from Latin “socius”, and Greek “logos”
* belief: understand society as it is, not what it could be

cerebral hygiene, AUGUSTE COMTE

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* **a practice of cleaning out the mind**

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**HERBERT SPENCER(1820-1903)**

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* human societies: simplest to complex forms
* survival of the fittest - social progress
* society is an organism that adapts to changes **(structural functionalism theory)**

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**KARL MARX(1818-1883)**

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* critical of capitalism; marxism
* means of production is most important
* historical changes occur through class conflict **(conflict theory)**

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**EMILE DURKHEIM(1858-1917)**

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* father of sociology
* society is held together by **mechanical solidarity** and **organic solidarity**

mechanical solidarity

social moral consensus

organic solidarity

dependency of roles among people

EMILE DURKHEIM, The Rules of Sociological Method(1859), social facts

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* phenomena accepted such as values, norms, and social structure.
* have social control on a person to act within bounds

EMILE DURKHEIM, The Rules of Sociological Method(1859), sui generis reality

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* unique to oneself that was created by individual conscience fused together

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EMILE DURKHEIM, The Rules of Sociological Method(1859), anomie

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*  **loss of direction when social control becomes ineffective**

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**HARRIET MARTINEAU(1802-1876)**

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* mother of sociology
* scholars should not only offer observations but also use their research to bring about social reform

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**STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM THEORY**

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* society as a living organism with each part having a vital role to its survival
* society: stable and well integrated
* social order maintained through cooperation and consensus

macro level theory

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**meaning studies society as a whole**

STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM THEORY, functional

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*  **provides social stability**

STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM THEORY, dysfunctional

 causes disruption

STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM THEORY, manifest functions

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*  **commonly recognized functions of an institution**

STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM THEORY, latent functions

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* **unintended and unrecognised consequences that ensure social stability.**

**CONFLICT THEORY**

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* macro level theory
* society is always in a state of conflict 
* dynamic tension between classes
* competition rather than cooperation
* root cause is dissimilar goals and interests
* war is the cleanser of society

CONFLICT THEORY, bourgeoisie

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* **those with resources, capitalists**

CONFLICT THEORY, proletariat

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* **without resources, workers**

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**SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM THEORY** 

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* symbols or meaningful objects could be actions, material objects,  and relationships
* how we make sense out of life
* people manipulate the meaning of symbols and create their social worlds through interaction

**micro level theory**

meaning it studies **individual** approaches and how each interprets the whole society

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**POSTMODERNIST THEORY**

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* consumerist society
* questions grand narratives and objective truth
* questions existing assumptions about social life and the nature of reality

Cultural Anthropology

how humans developed their culture and society

physical anthropology

how humans adapt to their environment

linguistic anthropology

how language evolves

archaeology

artifacts or material evidence

popular politics

political stance of the “people”

biological factors

evolution as a separate species

environmental factors

other factors that may enhance specific biological and physical traits

Nationality

refers to where you are born

citizenship

is granted by the government

jus soli

place of birth

jus sanguinis

by the blood of the parents

sex

biological and physical traits

gender

social ad cultural construct

socioeconomic class

idea that differs the rich and poor

poverty

lacking the financial resources

relative poverty

what is considered poor in one country may be different in another

situational poverty

sudden crises that decreases income

generational poverty

the family has been in poverty for atleast two generations

absolute poverty

lack of basic necessities

urban poverty

occurs is urban communities

rural poverty

occurs in rural agriculture communities

upper class

• new rich

• traditional rich

middle class

income is sufficient

lower class

• largest in number

• earns money through subsistence

ethnicity

• expression of set cultural ideas

• people who collectively identify themselves as distinct and unique

religion

system of ideas within the spiritual sphere or the supernatural

naturalization

legal act of adopting an alien and clothing him with the privilege of a native born citizen

cultural universals

some aspects of culture are evident across societies

language

system of communication

can bind cultures

can be a cultural expression

symbols

any concepts that have significant meaning within a culture

formal norms

any rules and regulations

Mores

norms guided by standards of morality

informal norms/folkways

traditional customs

values

concepts that make judgements on what is good and bad

subculture

smaller culture within a dominant culture

argot

specialized language that is distinguishable

counterculture

deliberately opposes certain aspects of a dominant culture

cutlure shock

unfamiliarity with a culture

cultural relativism

idea that cultures must be understood based on the peoples understanding and experiences

absolute cultural relativism

nonquestioning

critical cultural relativism

examining cultures that violates human rights

ethnocentrism

judging cultures through the lens of your own culture

cultural imperialism

imposition of a dominant culture on another

cultural hegemony

domination of one cultural group over a diverse cultural society

cultural diffusion

cultural items spread from one culture to another

lingua franca

mixtures of language

cultural lag

non material culture is struggling to keep up with material culture

invention

new combination of exisitng knowledge

discovery

recognizing coexisting elements that have not been noticed before

social change

modifications on social organizations

xenocentrism

belief that concepts of one’s society is inferior to those that originates

collectivism

cultural pride and identity are most important in nation building