Lecture 3- plant cell compatibility mode

Cell

is the principal structural and functional unit of every organism.

Hans and Zacharias Janssen

two dutch eye galss makers. they observed that veiwed objects in front of the tube appeared greately enlarged.

Robert Hooke

English scientist.

Robert Hooke

observed tiny, hollow, room-like structures (cellulae) (reproduced from Micrographia)

Robert Hooke

called these structures 'cells' because they reminded him of the rooms that monks lived in

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Dutch biologist and microscopist.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

observed living cells; called some 'animalcules'.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Observed clearly red blood cells, sperm cells, compound eyes of insects, life cycles of aphids, fleas and ants.

Robert Brown

discovered the nucleus in plant cells.

Areola

cells contained an opaque spot

nucleus

this spot is a key component of cells and called them_

Matthias Jakob Schleiden

German botanist.

Matthias Jakob Schleiden

•all plant tissues are composed of cells and that an embryonic plant arose from a single cell.

Matthias Jakob Schleiden

declared that all plants are made of cells first generalizations concerning cells.

Theodor Schwann

German zoologist

Theodor Schwann

viewed animal parts under a microscope, discovered that animal parts are made up of cells.

Theodor Schwann

Pulled existing observations together into theory that stated:

“The cell is the smallest unit of structure for all organisms” and “All organisms consist of one or more cells”

Rudolph Virchow

German physician

Rudolph Virchow

diseased cells derive from the healthy cells of normal tissue

Rudolph Virchow

added a third tenet to the cell theory which states, “all living cells come only from other living cells (Omnis cellula e cellula).”

Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, and Rudolph Virchow

developed from three German scientist's discoveries.

eukaryotic cells

Cells contains: Membrane-bound nucleus, Specialized organelles, and Plasma membrane.

Prokaryotic cells

Lack a membrane-bound nucleus and Structurally simple.

bacteria and archaea

two domains of prokaryotes

bacillus (rod), Coccus (spherical), spirilla (spiral)

shapes of bacteria

Archaea

Live in extreme habitats

mitochondria and chloroplasts

originated as bacterial cells that came to live inside larger cells

Endosymbiotic theory

has a mutual relationship with each other. Two organism living together. e.g. parasitism

genome

totality of the genetic make up

Ribosome/cytoskeleton

non-membranous organelle

Protoplasm

composed of cytoplsm+nucleus+plasma membrane

Protoplasm

All substances found in a cell (protoplast) which includes nucleus and cytoplasm surrounded by cell membrane.

Cytoplasm

cytosol + organelles

Cytosol

fluid material of a cell

Organelles

little organs of a cell

Cell wall

a cellular structure found outside the cell membrane consists of cellulose embedded in a matrix of hemicellulose and pectin.

plasmodesmata

connection between one cell to another. Form of communicatio.

Plasma Membrane

living surface membrane of a cell that acts as a selective barrier to the passage of materials into and out of the cell.

Plasma Membrane

Physical boundary that confines the contents of the cell to internal compartment.

Plasma Membrane

Fluid mosaic of two layers of phospholipid with globular proteins and sterols embedded in it which encloses the cell.

selectively permeable

The membrane allows some things in while keeping other substances out

Aquaporin

protein that transports water inside the membrane.

CYTOPLASM

CYTOSOL + ORGANELLES – NUCLEUS & VACUOLE

Cytosol or matrix

Cytoplasmic ground substance_ or _–appears as clear thick liquid where all organelles are embedded.

Gene

segment of DNA

Nucleus

double layer membrane, has 2 phospholipid bilayer

Nucleus

Command center of cell, usually near center, Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear envelope.

Nuclear Envelope

Consists of double layer of membrane

Nuclear Pores

permit exchange between nucleoplasm & cytoplasm

Nucleoplasm

where chromosome is embeded

Nucleus

Contains chromatin in semifluid nucleoplasm

chromatin

contains DNA and histones

Nuclear pore

transports RNA

Endoplasmic Reticulum

network of parallel membranes connected with the nuclear membrane and the plasmalemma

Rough ER

Studded with some ribosomes on cytoplasmic side, synthesizes proteins

Smooth ER

No ribosomes, synthesis of lipids

Golgi Apparatus

collective term for all the dictyosomes or golgi bodies in a cell

Golgi Apparatus

Consists of 3-20 flattened, curved saccules. Resembles stack of hollow pancakes.

Golgi Apparatus

Modifies proteins and lipids.

Endomembrane system

series of membranes in which molecules are transported in the cell

Endomembrane system

consists of the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes and vesicles.

Plastids

round oval bodies that contain pigments and are absent in animal cells.

Chromoplasts

contain yellow, orange, red to purple pigments characteristic of carrots, flowers, tomatoes, autumn leaves, and others

Leucoplasts

contain pigments for colorless appearance as in starch grains in rice, potatoes, and radishes (amyloplastid, elaioplast).

Etioplast

intermediate type of plastid that have not been exposed to light, and convert into chloroplasts upon exposure to light.

Chloroplasts

contain green pigments (chlorophyll) which trap light for photosynthesis.

Gerontoplast

develops from a chloroplast that undergoes senescence

Etiolation

response to inadequate light conditions, exhibits elongated, weak, and pale growth.

Photo-oxidation

oxidative damage to plant tissues caused by excessive exposure to light, particularly high-intensity or prolonged exposure to sunlight.

Photoinhibition

reduction in the efficiency of photosynthesis due to excessive light exposure, leads to death.

Chloroplasts

Bounded by double membrane

Choloroplasts

inner membrane infolded

thylakoids

inner membrane infolded, forms disc-like_, which are stacked to form grana.

Grana

stack of thylakoids

Chloroplasts

green due to chlorophyll

chlorophyll

Green photosynthetic pigment. Found ONLY in inner membranes of chloroplast.

Mitochondria

Bounded by double membrane, involved in cellular respiration.

Mitochondria

Produces most of ATP utilized by the cell

Redox Reactions

electrons are transferred from one atom or molecule to another

Cristae

Infoldings of inner membrane that encloses matrix

Matrix

Inner semifluid containing respiratory enzymes

Central Vacuole

membranous sac that is larger than vesicles

Central Vacuole

enclosed by a unit membrane called tonoplast

tonoplast

Central Vacuole is enclosed by a unit membrane called_

Central Vacuole

contains the cell sap

cell sap

the dissolved metabolic and reserve substances of the cell.

Microbodies

Spherical, membrane-bound organelles that play special roles in certain chemical activities photorespiration and the conversion of fats into sucrose.

Peroxisome and Glyoxysome

2 major types of microbodies

Peroxisome

Oxidative enzymes, involved in the breakdown of H2O2, and Photorespiration.

Glyoxysome

found in the cells of fat-rich seeds. Responsible for converting fats and fatty acids into sucrose.

Ribosomes

Small particles that read the genetic message in mRNA and construct proteins guided by that information.

Ribosomes

Composed of rRNA

Cytoskeleton

Maintains cell shape, and Assists in movement of cell and organelles.

Microfilaments/Actin Filaments and Microtubules/Myosin Filaments

types of macromolrecular fibers

Cytoskeleton

Assemble and disassemble as needed.

Microfilaments

most concentrated just beneath the cell membrane.

Microfilaments

responsible for resisting tension and maintaining cellular shape,

Microfilaments

forming cytoplasmic protuberances (like pseudopodia and microvilli) and participation in some cellto-cell or cell-to-matrix junctions

Microtubules

intracellular transport of organelles like mitochondria

Microtubules

Component of cilia and flagella