AP HUG Ch.6

What is a fundamental element of local and national culture?

language

language

a set of sounds & symbols that is used for communication

Language reflects…

where culture has been, what it values, how it thinks, describes, & experiences events

What does language create?

a shared identity

mutual intelligibility

means that two people can understand each other when speaking

standard language

is published, widely distributed, & purposely taught

How can a government sustain a language?

making it official and requiring literacy in it

dialects

variants of standard language along regional/ethnic lines

dialect chains

when places are closer together their dialects are similar

when places are farther their dialects are more different

isogloss

a geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs

language families

a category certain languages are put in based on how closer they are related to one another

language subfamilies

divisions within a language family that have more definitive commonalities & more recent common origins

How do languages diffuse?

contagious and relocation diffusion

Linguists and linguistic geographers study relationships among languages to….

classify languages

cognate

a word that has the same meaning in two languages or sounds very similar

language divergence

when spatial interaction decreases among speakers of a language

backward reconstruction

tracking consorts and cognates to reconstruct elements of a prior common language

language convergence

the joining of two languages

Where is the hearth of the Proto-Indo-European language?

near the black sea

the conquest theory

early speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language spread from hearth into Europe on horseback

the agricultural theory

Proto-Indo-European language spread with the diffusion of agriculture

The Basque people

• cover a small area

• speak Euskara

• language is not related to any other language family in Europe

World maps of languages do not…

show fragments of languages

Languages become fixed and stable when they are…

written down

vernacular language

one used in

What does trade encourage people who speak different languages to do?

find ways to communicate with one another

lingua Franca

a language used among speakers of different languages for the purpose of trade & commerce

pidgin language

people speaking two or more languages are in contact & they combine parts of th

creole language

s pidgin language that has developed a more complex structure and vocabulary & has become the native language of a group of people

What are the two ways multilingualism occurs in countries?

1. the two major languages can be tied to specific provinces or regions

2. combines the language of the colonizer with one local or regional language as an official means of communication

What language is the language of music, movies, & tv in pop culture?

English

toponym

a place name

What do toponym allow us to see?

a location as a place & imparts a certain character to a place

Toponyms give us…

a quick glimpse into thw history of places

What are the 10 classes of the reason of toponyms?

1. descriptive

2. associative

3. commemorative

4. commendatory

5. incidents

6. possession

7. folk

8. manufactured

9. mistakes

10. shift

Stories of toponyms often have their roots in…

migration, movements, & interaction among people

habla

hablar

r

Flashcard: hablar

• To speak or talk; to communicate verbally.