Summer Finals

who founded the first MRI body scanner and what year

Damadian and 1969

which of the following elements is most used by MRI for imaging the human body because of its abundance in the body

hydrogen

MRI provides which of the following: anatomical info only, physiological info only, real time info, or anatomical and physiological info

anatomical and physiological info

a strong signal on MRI is going to create which contrast: black, dark gray, light gray, white

white

which piece of equipment acts like an antenna to receive and transmit the radio frequencies MRI

coil

which room is the patient in MRI

magnet room

what is the release of energy by excited nuclei to their general environment (MRI)

spin lattice relaxation

the contrast media used in MRI contains which of the following: gadolinium, agitated saline, barium, iodine

gadolinium

when is gating used in MRI

improve image quality when motion is a problem

a graph of the chemical composition of the volume of tissue being imaged for example the brain to assess a pathological process is called (MrI)

spectroscopy

which part of the MRI transmits and receives signals

coils

magnetic field strength is measured in which of the following

Tesla and gauss

when the protons wobble as they rotate around the magnetic field, this wobbling motion is called (MRI)

precession

the energy used in MRI to excite the protons comes from

FM Band radio frequency

absorption of energy by the precessing protons is referred to as

resonance

if the image area has a blacker appearance the signal in MRI was

weak

the release of energy by protons is called

relaxation

which of the following is NOT a type of magnet discussed: superconductive, resistive, permanent, or simple conductive

simple conductive

spin spin relaxation T2 is the release of energy by excited nuclei

as a result of interaction among themselves

a moving magnetic field will induce an electrical current in a wire, describes

faraday’s law

possible patient reaction to rapid venting of the supercooled liquid gases in a superconductive magnet into the examination room would be

asphyxiation

what type of monitoring system is necessary is liquid helium is used for cooling

oxygen monitoring

what is quenching of the MRI unit

releasing the helium to the outside through the ventilation system

what part of the magnetic field is not used for imaging

fringe field

1 in _____ women will develop breast cancer

8

which physician discovered that breast densities (masses) appear on radiographic images

Albert Solomon

the most common technique utilized for measuring bone density is

dual energy x ray absorption

when 3d imaging is used to acquire images of a compressed breast at multiple angles during a short scan, it is called

digital breast tomosynthesis

what country was the first dedicated mammography unit introduced

france

Bones that are of low mass and structurally deterioration therefore more prone to fracture

osteoporosis

DEXA measures what ONLY

bone attenuation

Which of the following led to the development of the mammography Quality Standards Act of 1992?

American College of Radiography

Dexa uses a technology called ______ to remove the soft tissue attenuation from the image so all that is left in the bone attenuation

subtraction technique

complete removal of a breast or both breasts is called

mastectomy

what was studied in the beginning phases of mammography to better learn about mammography

the removed breasts of breast cancer patients

true or false most women who develop breast cancer have a family history of breast cancer

false

which cancer is more common in women than in breast cancer

lung

When mammography was first discovered the radiation doses were much higher than today. What was the first thing introduced that greatly reduced the radiation dose received by the patient?

xerography

The ACR-American College of Radiography first established guidelines for mammography, what year did this occur? 

1980s

When did quality standards for mammography expand to include: quality control, personnel qualifications and trainings?

1990s

With bone densitometry (DXA), information comes from the entire scanned image. 

False

Which of the modalities discussed utilizes double readings to ensure that nothing is missed? 

mammography

Which of the following is something that bone measurement values are used to assess? 

monitor affects of therapy on bone disease

true or false The definition of a screening mammogram is: Patient is asymptomatic and has no history of cancer. 

true

A diagnostic mammogram is important for patients with lesions because: 

additional images are taken

What is the general term that encompasses abdominal, breast, cardiac, gynecologic, obstetric, and vascular sonography? (ultrasound)

DMS

What does RDMS abbreviation stand for? (ultrasound)

registered diagnostic medical monographer

What does RDCS stand for? (ultrasound)

registered diagnostic cardiac monographer

A technologist who specializes in vascular examinations is should carry which of the following registries? (ultrasound)

RVT

How many physics examinations are required for a sonographer to be considered licensed?

1

What is the name of the piece of equipment that emits the ultrasound signal?

transducer

Traveling variations of pressure, density, and particle motion is which of the following? (ultrasound)

sound waves

The transducer operates on the ___________effect

piezoelectric

What type of scanning allows for quick "sweeps" of specific areas of the body? (ultrasound)

volume

Which war was Sonar or Ultrasound technology used to located submarines?

WWII

The speed of sound with a specific direction of motion is:

velocity of sound

Resistance of sound as it propagates (moves) through a medium: (ultrasound)

acoustic impedance

Which of the following is NOT a type of transducer? linear, convex, sector, concave

concave

Conversion of pressure to electrical voltage or conversion of electrical voltage to mechanical pressure is the definition of: (ultrasound)

piezoelectric effect

Echocardiography can diagnose pathology in the heart of which of the following patient types?

fetuses, neonates, children

Sound can travel through a vacuum. (ultrasound)

false

Who discovered the piezoelectric effect?

Jacques & Pierre Curie

The velocity of sound is determined by the (ultrasound)

Density and Stiffness of the tissue

The piezoelectric effect can occur because some materials produce a voltage when deformed by an applied pressure. ultrasound T/F

true

Which of the following does the transducer do during transmission of sound waves? ultrasound

Converts electrical energy to acoustic energy

Which of the following is technology that allows you to visualize the full dimensions of something, such as a fetus, in real-time imaging?

4D imaging

Ultrasound is safe to utilize on pediatric patients. T/F

true

Elastography allows for diagnosis of pathology without ionizing radiation or invasive procedures ultrasound T/F

true

Fusion imaging is what a sonographer would do during an Obstetrics Scan. ultrasound

false

Ultrasound is measured in: 

megahertz mHz

What year was color doppler launched in the United States? ultrasound

1987

Which of the following anatomical structures could be imaged using ultrasound?

spleen, pancreas, breast, carotid arteries

What is the frequency range that most transducers operate in? ultrasound

2-20 mHz

n what year was the B-scanner developed? ultrasound

1962

What do they call the radioactive materials used for PET and NM?

radiopharmaceutical

When is the triple head gamma camera used? Nuc Med

brain and heart studies

What is the light pipe? nuc med

a disk of optical transparent material

What does PET stand for?

positron emission tomography

What 2 imaging modalities is PET scan a combination of?

CT and nuc med

An area that shows a lack of radiation being recorded/received, therefore producing very light density on the image is called:

cold spot

What is the most commonly used radionuclide

99mTc

Who coined the term radioactive?

Curie

Radioactive elements are produced in which of the following machines?

nuclear reactor

True or False: If the radioactive material used in nuclear medicine comes in contact with the skin, it can be easily washed off.

false

Nuclear medicine produces images based on which of the following?

the physiology of the body

A radionuclide is tagged to a:

pharmaceutical

Which two things need to be included in the radiation nuclear pharmacy preparation area?

isolated ventilation and protective lead or glass shielding for vials and syringes

True or False: Gloves should be worn at all times when handling radiopharmaceuticals as the agents can be absorbed through the skin causing unnecessary radiation exposure.

true

How many heads does the gamma camera have? single, dual, triple

all of the above

Which of the following is a component of the gamma camera?

Crystal and light pipe

The time it takes for a radioactive element to decrease to half of its original radioactivity is called:

half life

The light pipe is composed of? nuc med

optically transparent material

A thyroid scan could use which of the following radiopharmaceuticals? 

99mTc

How many detectors can be in each PET ring?

1000

A radioactive isotope used to allow a biologic process to be seen is a:

tracer

The combination of PET and CT is a helpful tool in the diagnosis of what?

metastatic disease

What percentage of PET scans are used to diagnose, stage or restage cancer?

70-80%

Radiopharmaceuticals sterile are NOT sterile T/F

false

Half-life (T) is described as the time it takes:

the nuclide to decay to half its original activity

The most common radionuclide used in nuclear medicine is:

technetium (99mTc)