Families unit 1

High Income Families

are more stable, more likely to practice intensive parenting, invest time energy & resources on early childhood development, wealthier fathers spend more time with their kids, by 3 wealthier kids hear 30 million more words than poor kids - results in higher academic performance

Low income families

more likely to experience family breakdown, raised by single moms, parents promote obedience over curiosity, low income children likely remain low income

Replacement level fertility

the total fertility rate at which a population exactly replaces itself from one generation to the next without migration - around 2.1 children per woman

Dependency Crisis

Canada's fertility rate is 1.5 children per woman - there are more seniors living in Canada than children - fewer working age canadians must support a large aging population

Vanier functions of the family

physical maintenance & care of group members
addition of new members through procreation or adoption
socialization of children
social control of members
production, consumption, distribution of goods & services

2 parent family

inclusive of nuclear family (mom + dad), same sex, nb, & adoptive families 70% of kids live in this family structure

single parent family

19% of kids live in this family structure - increase in father led one parent families 21% in 2021 compared to 14% in 2016

step family

A couple living with children from a previous relationship - 9% of kids in this family structure in 2021

skip generation family

children living with grandparents with no middle generation present

Multigenerational family

children living with parents & at least 1 grandparent - increased by 50% since 2001 due to immigration, expensive housing, aging population, covid issues in ltc homes

Roommate household

2 or more people not in a census family - higher in downtown urban areas

one person households

person who lives alone - 29% of canadian households

Satellite family

1 parent lives overseas or the children live overseas with grandparents

child free couple

couple with no children

platonic co parenting

parents raise children together but are not romantically involved

3 parent families

a romantic couple & a platonic caregiver

polyamory

the practice of participating in more than 1 intimate relationship at a time - not related to religion - unrelated to marriage

chosen family

non biological kinship bonds, whether legally recognized or not, deliberately chosen for the purpose of mutual support & love - common in lgbtq+ communities

hominid footprints in Laetoli Gorge 3.6mya

evidence of a bonded pair

increase in brain size

need for cooperation - 2.4 mya genetic mutation occurred which caused a weaker jaw muscle, which allows for brain expansion - bigger brain = more calories = more food demand - smaller jaw = vulnerability = reliance on family groups to gather enough food & avoid predators

Altricial

not fully developed - bipedalism resulted in a smaller pelvis = more difficult birth - babies with soft skulls/undeveloped brains survived birth but need greater care & socialization - 2 parents necessary to raise 1 kid

Precocial

fully developed - babies with hard skulls/fully developed brains did not survive childbirth through narrow birth canal

Sexual dimorphism

physical differences between males & females

monogamy

1 male, 1 female & their offspring common when sexual dimorphism is low

polygamy

1 male, multiple females & their offspring - common when sexual dimorphism is high

polyandry

begins with 1 monogamous pair with an added 2nd male who mates with female & raises offspring

Ghost fathers

Nuer Tribe, Sudan if a man dies before having kids his younger brother will get married and have a child in his name - (the eldest brother who has passed is legally recognized as the father)

Female Husbands

Nuer Tribe, Sudana woman who is infertile can change her social status to a man - marry a woman as a man and have the legal rights of a husband - the wife will have a child with a biological male - but the female husband is legally the father

Multi Male Multi Female Groups

members must negotiate a social hierarchy - alpha male & female either have dominance for life or fight to gain/maintain dominance

Fission Fusion societies

fluid frequent changes in group membership as members come & go - males are political - form alliances to upset the social hierarchy - grooming promotes social cohesion

exogamy

at sexual maturity males or females leave to join another community - prevents inbreeding - monogamous families are rare - paternity is irrelevant - matrilineal descent - dominance is passed through mother - social bonds with mother are maintained into adulthood

Incest taboo

looked down upon for mating with a relative

ethnocentrism

the belief that one's society reflects universal norms or what is natural

Hunter-Gatherer Families

lived in small bands of around 25 - kinship was established by consanguinity (blood relations) & by choice - kinship is established by migrating somewhere together - Ilongot Philippines - surviving dangerous trials at sea New Guinea - Being named after a deceased person Inupiat Alaska - most members were chosen kin - 10% blood related

extended family structure

supportive web of relationships which allows people to share burdens of difficulties they may face - based on hunting & foraging economy - mobile temporary settlements to move with food - egalitarian & non hierarchical - no property and no food surplus - everything is shared - sexual division of labour - men hunt women forage/take care of kids - matrilineal & matriarchal

Agricultural families

development of farming = more reliable food supply - stationary settlements led to arranged marriages - property & wealth became privately owned - all family members had an economic function - increase in birth rate - women = husband or father's property - patriarchal

Pre - Industrial Families

development of villages & towns = trade & service economy - family worked to produce goods & services at home - cottage industry - men & women both contribute - children still serve economic function

Urban industrial families

birth of the consumer family - family does not produce goods - men worked outside the home - women worked inside the home - women lose economic function - women were to perform the mystique of motherhood & be the angel in the home - companionate marriage became common - middle class children have no economic function - are cherished - childhood is age of innocence - birth rate decreases - educated until adolescence - decline in multigenerational families cohabiting - nuclear family - young adults leave families to work in manufacturing economy & start their own families - become independent & self reliant

1950s

family wage - one man's wage must be enough to support the entire family
women - who worked were bad mother's - rise of feminine mystique - patriarchal nuclear family - divorce was difficult to get & had a large social stigma - increasing consumer culture to make home making more appealing

1960s

1968 divorce act decreases requirements for divorce - birth control pill gives women sexual & reproductive freedom - women enter workforce & higher education - birth rate declines - baby bust

Contemporary family

average age for marriage is 30 - birth rate is lower than replacement rate - more women in the workforce - 29% of women in families are high earners - men under pressure to take up domestic labour - dual income families - delayed child launch & boomerang children due to higher ed, debt, cost of living & job market

Functionalism

see’s society as a living organism - each social institution provides a function - members within each institution have specific roles to perform - roles are societal norms - socialization is how people learn their roles - for society to thrive every part must do its job

Feminism

Feminist theory examines unequal distributions of power, but focuses on gender • Seeks to identify androcentricity (male centered perspectives)

conflict theory

Conflict exists between groups in society because of inequalities in power - is the entrapment of the working class (the proletariat) by the ruling class (the bourgeoisie)

systems theory

Systems theory is used to understand how the individual interacts with and is influenced by external systems

Symbolic interactionism

In our interactions with others, we tend to perceive their actions, gestures and words as SYMBOLS which need to be INTERPRETED

Social exchange theory

Social interactions are like an economic exchange • Your role is your currency; it determines what you can get and what you can give