Other

How do the causes of chronic pancreatitis differ from acute

Acute: Alcohol, gallstones, trauma, medications
Chronic: Repeated inflammation (alcohol), genetic, autoimmune

How does the clinical presentation of acute and chronic pancreatitis differ

Acute: Sudden intense pain - radiates to back, low grade fever, abdominal distension, nausea and vomiting.
Chronic: History of epsiodes of acute, malabsoption, chronic epigastirc pain, diabetes mellitus.

How is acute pancreatitis diagnosed

Measuring serum pancreatic enzyes, ultrasound or CT.

How is chronic pancreatitis treated

Reducing pain, addressing endocrine and exocrine function. Low fat diet and cessation of alcohol.

Signs and symptoms of pancreatic cancer

Jaundice, weight loss, nausea, abdominal distension.

How does the mode of transmission differ between Hepatitis A, B, C and D

A - fecal/oral, contaminated food or water
B - Blood, sexual, perinatal
C - Blood, IV drug use, transfusion
D - The same as B, but requires Hep B to be present to replicate

How does severity differ between hepatitis A, B, C and D?

A - acute, self-limiting
B - Acute or chronic, risk of cirrhosis
C - often chronic; high risk of progression to cirrhosis and cancer
D - Only occurs with HPB, can cause severe acute infection or worsen chronic HPB.

What are the clinical manifestations of testicular torsion

Sudden, severe unilateral pain, swelling, and nausea.
Absent cremasteric reflex.
Surgical emergency

Clinical manifesatations of a hydrocele

Painless scrotal swelling, often benign, may be congenital or secondary to trauama/infection.

What clinical manifestations suggest prostatitis

Perineal or lower back pain, dysuria, urgency, painful ejaculation.

How can BPH be distinguished from prostate cancer?

BPH - smooth, enlarged, non tender prostate on DRE; gradual onset
Cancer - Hard, irregular nodules.

Clinical manifestations of prostatic enlargment

Weak stream, incomplete emptying, increased frequency.

What are the common menstrual disorders

Amenorrhea
Dysmenorrhea
Menorrhagia
Metrorrhagia
Hypomenorrhea
Oligomenorrhoea

What are the differentiating factors of common menstrual disorders?
Amenorrhea:
Dysmenorrhea:
Menorrhagia:
Metrorrhagia:
Hypomenorrhea:
Oligomenorrhoea:

Absense of menstruation
Excessively painful periods
Heavy/prolonged bleeding
Bleeding btwn periods
Reduced menstrual flow
Infrequent periods

How can pain from endometriosis be differentiated from dysmenorrhea?

Endo - px begins before menstruation, may persist afterward.
Dysmen - px starts with or just before, often resolves as bleeding ends

What factors contribute to the high mortality of ovarian cancer?

Often asymptomatic until advanced stage
No effective screening test
Non-specifc symptoms
High rate of metastasis

Common causes of uterine prolpase

When supproting pelvic structures relax and the cervix sags downwards into the vagina. Commonly caused by childbirth.

Common causes of uterine retro displacement

Can be conginteal or due to pregnancy. The body of the uterus is flexed or rotated into the posterior of the pelvis.