Unit 1 Human Anatomy

Cells

The most basic structural and functional unit of life. Cells are made up of organelles.

Eukaryotic cells

differ between plants, animals, and Protista.

Organelles

Specialized structures within the cell that work together to help the function.

Cytoplasm

Jelly like fluid inside of cells, mainly made up of water; holds everything in place.

Cell (Plasma) Membrane

A selectively permeable barrier known as phospholipid bilayer. Two layers of of phospholipids with hydrophilic (heads) and hydrophobic (tails).

What does the Cell (plasma) Membrane do?

Controls what goes in and out of the cell.

Cytoskeleton

Has threadlike fibers, made of proteins.

What is the function of Cytoskeleton?

Maintain shape, mobility, and regulate biochemical activities.

What are the three types of cytoskeletons?

microtubes, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments.

Centrioles

An organelle associated with the cytoskeleton. Made of microtubes, 2 centrioles.

What is the function of Centrioles?

Appear during cell division. Help divide by pulling chromosomes apart during the Anaphase.

Cilia and Flagella

An organelle associated with the cytoskeleton.

Cilia

shorter, more numerous; they move fluid across the cells surface.

Flagella

Longer, fewer (1-3); they move entire cell.

Nucleus

Contains genetic material (DNA). when it appears threadlike, it is considered chromatin.

How many chromosomes does chromatin condense into?

46

What is the function of the nucleus?

TO protect the DNA that controls the activities of the cell.

Ribosomes

Made of proteins and rRNA.

What is the function of the ribosomes?

To make proteins. Ribosomes on the rough ER make proteins to export from the cell.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Has ribosomes on the surface, hugs the nucleus.

What is the function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?

Send transport vesicles to the Golgi apparatus

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

No ribosomes on surface, attached to the Rough ER.

What does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) do?

Makes lipids (membrane), chemically modifies small molecules, site of glycogen degradation, and stores Ca^+2.

Golgi Apparatus

Folded/ flattened membranes.

What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?

Gets vesicles of protein from the Rough ER, modifies, packages, and sorts them for transport.

Lysosomes

Contain hydrolytic enzymes for breaking dead stuff down.

Vacuoles

Smaller and more numerous in animal cells, used as storage.

Mitochondria

Folded inner membrane (cristae) and enzyme packed fluid (matrix)

What is the function of the Mitochondria?

Where cellular respiration happens. Break down chemical energy, to turn into usable energy in the form of ATP.