Cells

What are the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

Eukaryotic cells have membrane bound organelles and nucleus, whereas prokaryotes don't.
Prokaryotic cells have plasmids and a loop of DNA floating in the cytoplasm whereas eukaryotic cells have their DNA in the nucleus.

What are the similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Both have cell membranes, DNA, cytoplasm, ribosomes and metabolic reactions (cellular respiration, photosynthesis) are the same

What organelles does an animal cell have?

Cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria and ribosomes.

What organelles do plant cells have that animal cells don't?

Cell wall, permanent vacuole and chloroplasts.

What is the job of the cell membrane?

Controls what goes in and out of the cell.

What is the job of the nucleus?

Controls the cells activities and contains the contains the genetic material (DNA). It is surrounded by its own membrane.

What is the job of the cytoplasm?

It is the liquid gel where most of the chemical reactions in the cell take place. Contains enzymes which control these reactions.

What is the job of the mitochondria?

Where aerobic respiration takes place within cells, release of energy.

What is the job of the ribosomes?

Where protein synthesis (making proteins) occurs.

What is the job of the cell wall? What are they made out of for different organisms?

Strengthens and provides support to the cell.
In plant cells = made of cellulose
In fungi (yeast) = made of chitin
In bacteria = peptidoglycan (not need to know)

What is the job of the permanent vacuole

It is filled with cell sap (weak solution of sugars and salts) and it helps to keep the cell rigid

What is the job of the chloroplast?

Absorbes light to make glucose by photosynthesis.

What is photosynthesis?

The process which involves the absorption of light into the chloroplast to produce oxygen and glucose.

Unicellular or multicelular?

Plant = multicellular
Animal = multicellular
Fungi = some are (most are multicellular)
Protoctists = unicellular (except algae, pero vamos a poner siempre que son solo unicellular)
Bacteria = unicellular

Do they photosynthesize (contain choroplasts)?

Animals + Fungi = no
Protoctists + Bacteria= Some do
Plants = Yes.

Do they have a cell wall?

Animals = no
Plants = yes, made out of cellulose
Fungi = yes, yeast's is made out of chitin
Bacteria = yes, made out of peptidoglycan
Protoctists = some do

How do they get glucose?

Plants = They have chloroplasts that absorbs light to carry out photosynthesis which produces glucose

Animals = Feed on organic substances

Fungi = Feed by parasitic or (most) saprotrophic nutrition by extracellular secretion of digestive enzymes onto food material and absorbing organic products (the nutrients).

Bacteria = Some carry out photosynthesis but they mainly feed off other organisms, either dead - most (decomposers) or alive (parasitic)

How do they store glucose?

Plant = as starch, fructose or sucrose
Animal + Fungi = as glycogen

Do they have nucleous?

No prokaryotic (bacteria) has.
All eukaryiotic do.

Examples of prokaryotes.

Lactobacillus bulgaricus (rod shaped bacterium used in yoghurt production from milk)

Pneumococcus (spherical bacterium that is also a pathogen as it causes pneumonia)

What are the components of bacteria?

(Slime capsule (outside of cell wall),) cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, loop of chromosomal DNA, plasmid containing extra genetic info such as defense mechanisms, flagellum (not always present) and ribosomes

How do viruses differ from other organisms?

They don't have cells or organelles
They replicate by invading other organism's cell
Eight characteristics of living things (so they are not living organisms)
They have protein coats

How small are viruses?

Small particls, smaller than bacteria

What are the components of a virus?

They have a wide variety of shapes and sizes.
No cellular structure but has one type of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA fragment wrapped in a portein cooat and has a tail.

No nucleus or cytoplasm

How do viruses cause disease?

They invade and replicate inside living body cells (host cells), leading to cell damage. They are an example of parasites —depends on another organism to grow and reproduce
They infect every type of organism.

What is the structure of fungi that are NOT single celled?

Cells organized into mycelium made from thread like structures called hyphae, which contain lots of nuclei.

What is an example of single and multi celled fungi.

Single = yeast
Multi = mucor, mushroom

What are protoctists? What is an example of a protoctist with plant-cell features and another one with animal-cell features?

They are mainly microscopic and single-celled but some aggregate (group together) into larger forms, such as colonies or chains of cells that form ligaments.

Chlorella: plant cell like.
Amoeba (lives in pond water) and plasmodium: animal cell like.

What are examples of protoctists? 2 similar to animal/similar to plant + 1 that is a pathogen

Amoeba lives in pond water (animal cell like), chlorella has choroplasts (plant cell like), plasmodium (causes malaria which is transmitted by mosquito bites)

What are pathogens? What organisms can be pathogens?

They are microorganisms that cause disease.
Fungi, bacteria, protoctists, viruses

What are examples of diseases caused by pathogens for each organism? For virus: 1 that affects plants (+ symptoms) and another one that affects humans

Fungi (microscopic- not microscopic is mould): ringworm, athlete's foot, rose black spot.
Bacterium: pneumococcus (spherical shaped) which causes pneumonia, salmonellosis which causes salmonella.
Protoctist/protist: plasmodium which causes malaria.
Virus: influenza virus which causes the 'flu', HIV which causes AIDS, tobacco mosaic virus (causes discolouring on the leaves of tobacco plants by preventing formation of chloroplasts)