CR BOOK FOUR: The consequences of the Civil Rights Movement 1968-1990

[Black involvement in politics - organisations] How did blacks continue to try to influence the political process?

through organisations such as the NAACP which continued lobbying and litigation

[Black involvement in politics - organisations] What ways did the NAACP continue to lobby and litigate to influence the political process?

• launched school deseg suits

• backed intergration orders like busing

[Black involvement in politics - organisations] What were some blacks worried about in regards to busing?

the loss of black cultural cohesion

[Black involvement in politics - organisations] What did black critics of busing suggest as an alternative?

more resources for black schools - less likely to cause white backlash and preferable to complex busing

[Black involvement in politics - organisations] When and where did the most ferocious opposition to bussing come from? How did they oppose busing?

• 1974

• Irish Americans in Boston

• set up alternative schools and used protest marches and sit ins (ironic don’t ya think)

[Black involvement in politics - organisations] What did the Supreme Court do in 1974 and what was the name of the ruling?

• Milliken V Bradley

• overturned a detroit busing plan by five to four

[Black involvement in politics - Black Politicians] When was Andrew Young (black man) elected to congress?

1972

[Black involvement in politics - Black Politicians] When did Birmingham have its first black mayor?

1979

[Black involvement in politics - Black Politicians] In 1980 what percentage of the US’s elected officials were black?

1%

[Black involvement in politics - Black Politicians] When did Jesse Jackson first campaign for the democratic presidential nomination?

1984

[Black involvement in politics - Black Politicians] When Jesse Jackson first ran for the democratic presidential nomination, what did his popularity look like?

He was the third most popular democratic candidate

[Black involvement in politics - Black Politicians] What percentage of Jesse Jackson’s support came from whites during his first run?

20%

[Black involvement in politics - Black Politicians] When did Jesse Jackson campaign for a second time?

1988

[Black involvement in politics - Black Politicians] What percentage of Jackson’s support came from whites during his second run?

40%

[Black involvement in politics - Black Politicians] What was jesse jackson universally recognised?

the most influential AA of the 70s, 80s, and 90s

[Black involvement in politics - Black Politicians] What did jesse jackson help to do for the CR movement?

helped keep CR on the political agenda after the death of king

[Black involvement in politics - Black Politicians] What does jesse jackson’s career illustrate?

• both the challenging black emphasis from protest to political participation

• increased black political power

[Black involvement in politics - conclusions - political progress] In 1980, blacks were what?

mayors of major cities and controlled parts of the Deep South

[Black involvement in politics - conclusions - political progress] During the 1970s what happened to Klan membership and what increased?

Klan membership tripled and violence increased

[Black involvement in politics - conclusions - economic and political progress] By 1980, improved educational opportunities and affirmative action had helped make what?

1/3 of blacks middle class

[Black involvement in politics - conclusions - economic and political progress] The black infant mortality rate was higher than that in some developing countries. What was this mortality rate?

19%

[Black involvement in politics - conclusions - economic and political progress] What fraction of blacks and black children lived below the poverty line?

• 1/3 of blacks

• ½ of all black children

[Black involvement in politics - conclusions - economic and political progress] What did integrated schools cause?

white flight to the suburbs and increased number of white private schools

[Black involvement in politics - conclusions - economic and political progress] By 1990, what percent of the population was black?

12%

[Black involvement in politics - conclusions - ghetto problems] By 1980 it was clear that black elected officials could not what?

solve the problem of ghetto crime, poverty, and unemployment

[Black involvement in politics - conclusions - ghetto problems] What was black progress limited by?

• black divisions

• white backlash

• financial and social problems associated with getting blacks out of the ghetto poverty trap

[Black involvement in politics - conclusions - ghetto problems] The 1968 kerner report had warned that americans were moving towards two societies, one black, one what. What was the situation in 1980?

remained true in 1980 - not enough change

[Moving South] List the reasons why blacks moved south [4]

• desegregation

• economic

• ‘calls to home’

• climate and geography

[Moving South - economic] what happened to the southern economy?

unprecedented economic growth and the southern economy boomed (became known as the sun belt)

[Moving South - economic] What did the northern states become known as when their industries declined?

rust belt

[Moving South - economic] what happened to jobs in detroit - the north?

more than halved between 1945 to 1977

[Moving South - economic] Why did companies prefer to invest in the south?

because the unions were less powerful, regulatation were lighter etc.

[Moving South - Desegregation] During the presidency of Nixon, the percentage of southern black american children in seg schools fell from what to what?

68% to 8%

[Moving South - Desegregation] When and what was Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg?

1971 - established court-ordered bussing of students as a constitutional means of desegregating public schools.

[Moving South - desegregation] What was happening to conditions in northern ghettos?

not improving fast enough

[Moving South - ‘Calls to home’] A 1973 survey of returning migrants to Birmingham noted that what?

more than half of the respondents had moved back for family reasons

[Moving South - ‘Calls to home’] Many had what in the south?

Family

[Moving South - Climate and Geography] What was the climate of the north and midwest?

harsh winters

[Moving South - Climate and Geography] What was the climate of the south?

much more temperate with beaches

[Desegregation and the bussing controversy] What was the demographic reality of desegregation?

huge numbers of AAs were restricted to inner cities while the suburbs were predominantly white

[Desegregation and the bussing controversy] What was the reaction of parents to bussing?

deeply unpopular

[Desegregation and the bussing controversy] What was bussing?

integrating schools by putting black and white children on buses to different schools

[Desegregation and the bussing controversy] Why was bussing introduced?

to end de facto segregation in schools

[Desegregation and the bussing controversy] Why were white parents angry with the bussing of their children?

• poor facilities in previously black schools

• scared for their children’s safety

• crime rates and criminal students in black areas

[Desegregation and the bussing controversy] Why was bussing controversial?

• long journeys

• forced social control

[Nixon] What did he increase the power of?

OEEC - to tackle economic inequality raised in the Kerner Report

[Nixon] What organisation does he crush and what does this have an impact on?

the black panthers - impacts black power movement

[Nixon] What was his opinion on bussing and why?

Doesn’t back supreme court on bussing - he understands community wanting to protect themselves

[carter] What was his agenda?

social reform agenda

[carter] What did he strengthen?

OEEC

[carter] Who did he appoint to the cabinet?

AAs and hispanic

[carter] What did Carter vocally support?

Affirmative action

[carter] What happened to the role of the supreme court under carter?

role of the supreme court is vital for de jure change

[Affirmative Action - key legislation] What was passed in 1979 and what did it say?

• United Steelworkers of America V. Weber

• ruled that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibits racial discrimination in the workplace, does not prohibit voluntary affirmative action programs which seek to hire minorities who were historically underrepresented.

[Affirmative Action - key legislation] What was passed in 1987 and what did it say?

• US V Paradise

• permitted one-for-one promotions

[Carter] What did he review?

the voting rights act

[Carter] What did he increase the role of?

the justice department

[Carter] What was his opinion on bussing?

opposed it - declared he had nothing against a community trying to maintain ethnic purity

[Affirmative Action] What did Executive Order 11578 (under Nixon) do?

required all employees with federal contracts to draft affirmative policies

[Affirmative Action] What was the Philadelphia plan under Nixon?

attempted to guarantee minority access to blue-collar jobs by setting quotas of AA apprentices

[Affirmative Action] Under Reagan, what happened to the EEOC?

funding was reduced

[Affirmative Action] As result of reagan reducing funding for the EEOC, how many fewer cases were there in 1984 compared to 1980?

60% fewer cases in 1984 compared to 1980

[electoral politics] When did Chicago elect their first black mayor and when?

1983 - Harold Washington

[electoral politics] When does virigina elect a black governor and when does NY elect a black mayor?

1989

[electoral politics] How many AAs were in congress in 1992?

69 hehe

[The Reagan Revolution] What was reaganomics and how does it imapct AAs?

tax and welfare cuts which disproportionately affects AAs as they disproportionately rely on benefits

[The Reagan Revolution] What does Reagan try to cut and what was the response - what does this show?

• tries to cut Federal Contract Compliance

• The National Associate of Manufacturers say no - they’re happy with affirmative action

• shows Aff action is embedded in business culture

[The Reagan Revolution] How many companies were represented by the National Association of Manufacturers?

13500

[Situation in 1990] What fraction of AAs were ‘white collar’ and what was this in comparison to the 60s?

1/3 - 2x more than the 60s

[Situation in 1990] Give examples of black middle class pre-1990

• black wall street

• harlem

• tulsa

[Situation in 1990] What percentage of AAs live in suburbs?

36%

[Situation in 1990] What happened to the wealth gap between AAs?

widening