Special senses & endocrine

Base of each semicircular canal, houses the cupula, detects rotational movement

Ampulla

Watery, anterior chamber fluid, continually produced

Aqueous humour

Drains excess vitreous humour into venous circulation

Canal of Schlemm

Has processes and muscles, secretes aqueous humour

Ciliary body

Folds in the ciliary body

Ciliary processes

Perforated region of the ethmoid bone for CN I axons

Cribriform plate

Detects rotational motion inside the ampulla

Crista ampullaris

Gel dome covering the crista ampullaris

Cupula

Similar to intracellular fluid, bends cupula to detect head movement

Endolymph

Opening between middle ear and nasopharynx

Eustachian tube

Auditory canal from auricle to eardrum

External acoustic meatus

Covers the anterior 2/3 of the tongue, lack taste buds

Filiform papillae

Mushroom-shaped projections scattered all over the tongue

Fungiform papillae

One long cilium in the macula, detects head motion

Kinocilium

Oval sensory receptor at the base of the utricle and saccule

Macula

Inferior cochlea chamber with the basilar membrane

Scala tympani

Superior cochlea chamber with the tectorial membrane

Scala vestibula

Cochlear hair cells’ stiff microvilli, bend with sound

Stereocilia

Wave-like spiral organ structure that hits hair cells

Tectorial membrane

Eardrum, transmits sound waves from middle to inner ear

Tympanic membrane

Area of the retina with the highest visual acuity

Macula lutea

depressed pit in centre of macula lutea, area of sharpest color vision

Fovea centralis

X-shaped region of CN II, axons cross to the other side of the brain

Optic chiasm

Blind spot on the retina where CN II attaches

Optic disc

The distance between the opened eyelids

Palpebral fissure

Similar to extracellular fluid and CSF, fills the scala tympani and scala vestibuli

Perilymph

Taste buds in a V shape at the base of the tongue

Vallate papillae

Gelatinous, posterior chamber, produced once in life

Vitreous humour

Stimulates the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids, functions in immunity and helps fight or flight

ACTH / adrenocorticotropic hormone

Reduces urine production to increase blood volume; vasopressin

ADH / anti-duretic hormone

Thyroid hormone that increases bone uptake of Ca and P

Calcitonin

Hormones are secreted into the blood to reach target cells

Endocrine

Glands that secrete their products into a specific duct

Exocrine

Promotes maturation of oocytes and sperm cells (gametes), stimulates cells to secrete estrogen

FSH / follicle stimulating hormone

Anabolic hormone with both metabolic and growth actions

GH (or HGH) / growth hormone

Endocrine system chemicals secreted into extracellular fluids

Hormones

Acts as an interface between endocrine and nervous system. Controls most endocrine functions.

Hypothalamus

Thin stalk connecting the pituitary lobes to the hypothalamus

Infundibulum

Endocrine pancreas, secretes insulin & glucagon

Islets of Langerhans

Promotes production of estrogen, progesterone, testosterone

LH / lutenizing hormone

Causes sleepiness when you are in a dark environment

Melatonin

Hormones secreted by neurons, housed in neurohypophysis

Neurohormones

Positive feedback loop; labour contractions & milk ejection

OT / Oxytocin

Exocrine pancreas, secretes digestive juices

Pancreatic acini

Posterior epithalamus region secreting melatonin

Pineal gland

Raises blood calcium, acts on bone, kidneys, small intestine

PTH / parathyroid hormone

Pea-shaped hypophysis secreting eight regulatory hormones

Pituitary gland

Stimulates mammary glands to produce milk, levels raise and fall with estrogen levels

PRL / prolactin

Small depression in the sphenoid bone to protect the pituitary

Sella turcica

Iodine-based hormones important in cellular growth/metabolism, and regulate oxygen use

T3 & T4

Release of this hormone stimulates secretion of T3, T4, calcitonin

TSH / thyrotropin

How is hormone control regulated?

Feedback loop

Feedback loop where stimulus starts the process, and the end result is to negate the effects of the initial stimuli

Negative feedback loop

Feedback loop where stimulus accelerates the process until the stimulus is removed

Positive feedback loop

amino-acid based hormones that act on receptors on the plasma membrane

water-soluble hormones

thyroid and steroid based hormones that act on receptors inside the cell to activate specific genes in DNA

lipid-soluble hormones

controls six regulatory hormones (GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL)

anterior pituitary

secretes two neurohormones: oxytocin (OT) and anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

posterior pituitary

what 6 hormones does the anterior pituitary control?

- GH; growth hormone
- TSH; thyroid stimulating hormone
- ACTH; adrenocorticotropic hormone
- FSH; follicle stimulating hormone
- LH; lutenizing hormone
- PRL; prolactin

what two hormones does the posterior pituitary control?

- OT; oxytocin
- ADH; anti-duretic hormone

what type of tissue is found in the anterior pituitary?

glandular tissue

what type of tissue is found in the posterior pituitary?

nervous tissue

what part of the pituitary ONLY stores hormones, and does not produce anything

posterior pituitary

secreted by thyroid, decreases blood calcium level

calcitonin

secreted by parathyroid, raises blood calcium level

calcitriol

organ outer layers

cortex

organ inner layers

medulla

adrenal gland section that balances water and minerals in the blood

zona glomerulosa

adrenal gland section that raises blood glucose in response to stress, and is an anti-inflammatory agent

zona fasciculata

adrenal gland section that secretes sex hormones

zona reticularis

adrenal gland section that produce fight or flight hormones

adrenal medulla

what shuts off melatonin?

norepinephrine

what secretes melatonin?

pineal gland

sensory information is detected by _______ and send to ______.

receptors ; CNS

sensory receptors located in skeletal muscle, detects pressure, vibration, pain, stretch

somatic sensory receptors

sensory receptors located in smooth muscle that detect temperature, chemicals, stretch, and pain

visceral sensory receptors

receptors that detect stimuli from the external environment

exteroreceptors

receptors that detect stimuli from internal organs

interoreceptors

receptors that detect body and limb movements in space

proprioceptors

receptors that detect chemicals in the environment (taste, smell)

chemoreceptors

receptors that detect temperature changes in body & environment

thermoreceptors

receptors that detect light intensity, colour, and movement

photoreceptors

receptors that detect physical stimuli

mechanoreceptors

receptors that detect pressure changes (stretch) in organs and vessels

baroreceptors

receptors that detect very painful stimuli

nociceptors

site of referred pain for liver and gallbladder

right shoulder and right upper abdomen

site of referred pain for appendix

abdomen / belly button

site of referred pain for ureter

hips

site of referred pain for urinary bladder

buttocks and lower abdomen

site of referred pain for heart

left arm and chest

site of referred pain for stomach

middle abdomen and middle back

site of referred pain for pancreas

left middle abdomen

site of referred pain for kidneys

lower abdomen and genitals

gland in nose that clears out odourants

olfactory gland / bowmans gland

where olfactory stimuli is consiously interpreted and identified

frontal lobe

where emotional responses to olfactory stimuli occur

limbic system

contained within tastebuds to detect substances

chemoreceptors

tastebuds on the sides of the tongue

foliate papillae

what taste are we most sensitive to?

bitterness

what taste are we least sensitive to?

salty and sweet