2 - Introduction to X-ray Principles

0.0(0)
studied byStudied by 0 people
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/41

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no tags are added yet.

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

42 Terms

1
New cards

What is matter?

- anything that takes up space and has mass

- Can be solid, liquid, gas, and plasma

- Cannot be created or destroyed

- Smallest unique unit is the atom.

2
New cards

What are cells and molecules made up of?

Atoms, the basic building blocks of matter.

3
New cards

What are the three main subatomic particles that make up an atom?

Protons, neutrons, and electrons.

4
New cards

How are elements grouped?

Based on their number of protons.

5
New cards

What is the typical electrical charge of an atom?

Normally electrically neutral.

6
New cards

Bohr model of atomic structure

- Electrons orbit the nucleus (which contains protons and neutrons) in fixed energy levels (shells)

7
New cards

How to determine maximum number of electrons per shell

Use the formula 2n², where n is the shell number.

8
New cards

What is electron binding energy?

It's the strength of attachment of an electron to the nucleus.

9
New cards

Do inner shell electrons have higher or lower binding energies than outer shell electrons?

Higher binding energies.

10
New cards

What happens when electrons move to a higher shell?

It requires energy.

11
New cards

What occurs when electrons move to a lower shell?

It emits energy, often as electromagnetic photons.

12
New cards

What types of electromagnetic photons can be emitted when electrons move to a lower shell?

X-rays or gamma rays.

13
New cards

Ionization

It's the process where energy ejects an orbital electron, forming an ion pair: a positively charged atom and a free electron.

14
New cards

What is energy?

Energy is the ability to do work.

15
New cards

What are the different forms of energy?

Potential, kinetic, thermal, chemical, electromagnetic, and nuclear.

16
New cards

What is the smallest unit of energy?

A quantum.

17
New cards

What are the 3 ways to produce of electromagnetic (EM) energy

- Incandescence (excitation of electrical charges)

- Bremsstrahlung (sudden deceleration of electrical charges)

- Radioactive decay (disintegration of an atomic nucleus).

18
New cards

Photons

The smallest unit of EM energy. They have no mass, travel at the speed of light, and display wave-particle duality.

19
New cards

What is the speed of light?

Velocity (v): Speed of light

20
New cards

What is wavelength (λ) in wave parameters?

Distance between identical points on a wave

21
New cards

What is frequency (f) in wave parameters?

Number of wave cycles per second

22
New cards

What is the relationship between velocity, wavelength, and frequency?

v = λ × f

23
New cards

How are wavelength and frequency related?

Wavelength and frequency are inversely related

24
New cards

Radiation

Energy that travels through space. Matter exposed to it absorbs or is affected by the radiation.

25
New cards

Ionizing radiation

Ionizing radiation can damage tissue by ionizing atoms. It includes X-rays, gamma rays, and some UV light.

26
New cards

What are the properties of X-ray photons regarding visibility and penetration?

Invisible, highly penetrating

27
New cards

Do X-ray photons have mass or charge?

No mass, no charge

28
New cards

What determines the peak energy of X-ray photons?

Set by kVp

29
New cards

What effect can X-ray photons have on tissues?

Can cause ionization and tissue damage

30
New cards

How do X-ray photons travel and interact with matter?

Travel straight and scatter with matter

31
New cards

What phenomenon do X-ray photons cause in phosphors?

Cause phosphor fluorescence

32
New cards

Are X-ray photons affected by magnetic fields?

Not affected by magnetic fields

33
New cards

Can X-ray photons be focused with a lens?

Cannot be focused with a lens

34
New cards

What factors affect the absorption of X-ray photons?

Differentially absorbed by mass density, atomic number, and thickness of material

35
New cards

Voltage (V) in electricity

Voltage represents electric potential—the 'pressure' pushing electrons to flow. Higher voltage = more energy per electron.

36
New cards

Current (I) in electricity

Current is the flow of electrons through a conductor. Measured in amperes (A).

37
New cards

What is Direct Current (DC)?

Electrons flow in one direction, steady or fluctuating.

38
New cards

What is Alternating Current (AC)?

Electrons oscillate, reversing direction regularly.

39
New cards

How often does Alternating Current (AC) reverse direction in North America?

60 times per second.

40
New cards

Transformer

A transformer changes voltage and current in AC circuits.

41
New cards

Types of transformers

Step-up: Increases voltage, decreases current; Step-down: Decreases voltage, increases current.

42
New cards

Main components of an X-ray system

Wall Switch, Control Panel, Generator, X-ray Tube, Beam Modifiers (Collimation), Collimator, Bucky.