Honors Chemistry Unit 1 Notes Study Guide
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81 Terms
Chemistry
The study of matter and the changes it undergoes
Matter
anything that has mass and takes up space (volume)
What 2 things are interchangeable?
matter and energy
What are the only two (scientifically speaking) entities in the entire universe
matter and energy
In Albert Einstein’s famous equation “E=mc²“, what do the variables represent
E = energy
m = mass
c = speed of light
What does Albert Einsteins equation specify?
How mass and energy are interchangeable and equivalent
In controlled experiments, what is the control group
does not receive intervention / receives placebo
In controlled experiments, what is the experimental group
receives intervention / receives the usual
Independent variable
The factor that is changed by the scientist in order to study its effect on the dependent variable
Dependent variable
The factor that responds to the change in the independent variable
what variable is manipulated
independent
what variable is responding
dependent
what axis does independent go on
x
what axis does dependent go on
y
What influences change in the dependent variable
the independent variable
what is the format for chart titles regarding independent and dependent variables
y as a function of x
Constant
factor that does not change between tej control and variable
In science, how many trials must be performed
multiple
In science, what must be repeatable
experiments
In science, should work be reviewed
yes, peer reviewed
What is “self correcting”
Science
Theory
explanation based on many experiments, tests and observations
A scientific theory is not…
a guess, opinion or hunch
examples of scientific theories
big bang, evolution, cell theory of disease
in an atom, what is inside the nucles
protons and neutrons
in an atom, what surrounds the nucleus
electrons
scientific laws
description of something that happens in nature
examples of scientific laws
newton’s law of motion, law of conservation of energy, boyle’s law
What predicts?
hypothesis
What explains?
theory
What describes?
law
A scientific theory is not just…
a theory
Model
physical OR conceptual explanation of something that is difficult to observe directly
what equals a model
a theory
scientific notation
a method to express very big or very small numbers (or to the correct number of significant digits)
For #’s greater than 1, the exponent is…
positive
For #’s less than 1, the exponent is…
negative
When doing scientific notation, what must you always include
units
what is mass
the amount of matter an object has
what is volume
amount of space occupied by an object
what is a derived unit
a unit obtained by adding, subtracting, multiplying or dividing base units
what does L stand for in measurements
Liter
what does mL stand for in measurements
Mililiter
1000 mL = …
1 L
what does cm³ stand for in measurements
cubic centimeter
1 mL = …
1 cm³
Amount
How much there is of something
Other than Kelvin, what else is used for temperature in science
Celsius
1 K = …
1 degree celsius
the difference between the kelvin and the centigrade scale is…
the zero point
0 K (or -273 degrees celsius) is known as…
absolute zero
how is temperature recorded
the movement of particles
when its hot, how are the particles
move faster and farther apart
when its cold, how are the particles
move slower and closer together
What is absolute zero
temperature at which all molecular motion stops
To convert from degrees celsius to kelvin…
add 273
to convert kelvin to degrees celsius…
subtract 273
All measurements should be recorded to…
he place value to the right of the smallest division
significant figure
in a measurement, all certain digits plus 1 uncertain digit
what are the 4 rules recognizing sig figs
All non zeros digits are significant
A zero in between 2 non zero digits is significant (sandwich rule)
A leading zero is NOT significant
A trailing zero is significant IF a decimal point is present
what kind of numbers have an INFINITE NUMBER of sig figs
counted and defined numbers
example of defined numbers
there are exactly 1000 mL in 1 L
example of counted numbers
there are exactly 25 students in this class
sig fig multiplication/division rule
the # of sig figs in the answer should be the same as the measurement with the least # of sig figs
sig fig addition/subtraction rule
the # of decimal places in the answer should be the same as the measurement with the least number of decimal places
what’s the point of sig figs
so you don’t exaggerate the precision of your measurements/calculations
to ensure that your answer isn’t more precise than the numbers you started with
this is how you science!
To what extent should one measure liquid in a graduated cylinder?
bottom of the meniscus
what is the smallest division in a graduated cylinder?
1 milliliter
a graduated cylinder measures to…?
0.1 milliliters
What is dimensional analysis?
math that’ll allow you to convert units & solve problems throughout the year
What are the steps of dimensional analysis?
Get an equivalence
Change the equivalence into 2 conversion factors
Multiply the given quantity times the appropriate conversion factor
when do you use MULTIPLE conversions
when you need to use more than 1 conversion factor.
what is density
the ratio of mass per unit volume
what kind of physical property is density?
an intensive physical property (it is not dependent on the amount of the substance)
what is the equation for density?
D = m/v
what is the equation for mass?
m = Dv
what is the equation for volume?
v = m/D
units for density?
any unit of mass DIVIDED BY any unit of volume (derived unit)
examples of units for density…?
g/mL, g/cm³, g/L, kg/μL
what is the density of water?
1.00 g/mL
what is the ACCEPTED density for gold?
19.3 g/mL