Tissue Discussions

epithelial
connective
muscular
nervous

what are the types of tissues

epithelial tissue

• Covering of external surface or lining of all free body surfaces (internal)

• Forms continuous layer of compactly arranged cells

• Functions: mainly for covering and protection

• Some parts are hairlike structure

squamous
cuboidal
columnar
ciliated/flagellated

epithelial tissue: types as to shape of the cells

squamous epithelium

• Made up of thin, flat cells that resemble blocks

• Location: outermost layer of the skin, lining of the mouth, esophagus

Cuboidal Epithelium

• Cube shaped cells in appearance

• Location: lining of ducts, thyroid gland and kidney tubules

columnar epithelium

• Rectangular shaped cells

• Location: lining of the trachea, stomach, small intestine

ciliated/flagellated epithelium

• Maybe columnar or cuboidal cells which are provided with cilia or flagellum

• Location: innermost lining of the trachea, intestine, spermducts and oviduct

• Has presence of cilia/flagella

simple
stratified
pseudostratified

epithelial tissue: type as to structure / no. of the cells

simple epithelial tissue

• One layer of cells

• Location: lining of blood vessels, digestive tracts, lining ducts

stratified epithelial tissue

• Two or more layers

• Location: sites subjected to friction/pressure, ex. Skin (keratinized), vagina esophagus (nonkeratinized)

Pseudostratified Epithelial Tissue

• All cells are in contact with the basement membrane but not all reach the surface

• Pseudo = false

• Location: lining of respiratory tract, lining urethra in male

glandular
germinal
sensory
protective

epithelial tissue: as to function

glandular epithelial tissue

• For secretion

• May unicellular glandular epithelial, multiepithelial tissue (sweat glands, oil glands), endocrine glands (thyroid and glandular) open ducts yan

sensory epithelial tissue

• For reception of stimuli and transmission of impulses

• Location: sense organ, ex. Skin, retina and tongue

germinal epithelial tissue

• For reproduction

• Location: sex organs (esp. Ovary and testes)

protective epithelial tissue

• For protection, covering

• Location: skin

connective tissue

• Cells are far apart, very variable embedded in intercellular matrix (liquid, semi-solid, solid)

• Contains large amount of cementing substance between cells

• Binds structure

• Connects body parts

• Fill spaces, store fats and forms blood cell

• support and protection

what are the functions of connective tissue

specialized
loose
dense (fibrous)

connective tissue: types as to arrangement of fibers in matrix

loose connective tissue

• Loose arrangement of fibers in the matrix

• Cells (fibroblasts) are farther apart separated by jelly-like matrix with white collagen fibers (for flexibility and strength) and yellow elastic fibers (for elasticity)

• Lies beneath the epithelium of the skin and most of the internal organs

mesenchyme
mucous
reticular
areolar
adipose

types (?) of loose connective tissue

mesenchyme

-Location: during embryonic development, but disappears in adult (soft - hard bone).

-Bunbunan (fontanelles) of baby

mucous connective tissue

Main composition: large and stellate fibroblast

- Location: Umbilical cord

reticular connective tissue

-Main Composition: stellate cell in matrix w/ presence of reticular cells

-Location: Lymphoid organs, bone marrow, liver

areolar connective tissue

-Main composition: round or oval cells in matrix w/ collagen and elastic fibers

-Location: mesenteries, omentum, subcutaneous tissue, submucosa of digestive tract

adipose connective tissue

- Body Fats: no formation of matrix (storage of fats) composed of adipocytes

dense (fibrous) connective tissue

• Contains many collagen fibers that are packed closely together

• More specific functions in vertebrates than loose connective tissue

• With less amorphous gland substance

irregular arranged dense connective tissue
regular arranged dense connective tissue

types of dense connective tissue

irregular arranged dense connective tissue

Usually a course in sheet, with a course, dermis, cartilage, fascia (thin sheet wrap around in muscle)

regular arranged dense connective tissue

Densely pack fiber, parallel, tendon ligaments aponeuroses (sugpungan ng buto)

cartilages
bones or osseous tissue
hemopoietic tissue
blood

types of specialized connective tissue

cartilages

• Skeleton during embryonic stage; composed of cells (chondrocytes) located in small spaces called “lacunae: with collagenous or elastic fibers

lacunae

cartilages
Skeleton during embryonic stage; composed of cells (chondrocytes) located in small spaces called “____: with collagenous or elastic fibers

hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage

cartilages: types as to appearance of the matrix

hyaline cartilage

- Appearance: composed of homogenous matrix w/ collagen fibers

- Loc: bones with joints, nose larynx, trachea, and bronchi

elastic cartilage

- Presence of elastic fibers, like thin thread

- Loc: external ear, auditory tube, epiglottis, larynx

fibrocartilage

- Only little amount of matrix but large collagenous fiber that is parallel to each other

- Between of spinal column, tendons and ligaments

bones / osseous tissue

• Rigid form of connective tissue

• Comprises most of the skeleton in higher vertebrates

• Composed of cells (osteocytes) located in small cavities (lacunae) of calcified matrix

• Radiating from each lacuna are narrow channels (canaliculi) which penetrate adjacent canaliculi of neighboring lacunae forming lamellar structure

osteocytes

bones or osseous tissue

• Rigid form of connective tissue

• Comprises most of the skeleton in higher vertebrates

• Composed of cells (______) located in small cavities (lacunae) of calcified matrix

• Radiating from each lacuna are narrow channels (canaliculi) which penetrate adjacent canaliculi of neighboring lacunae forming lamellar structure

hemopoietic tissue

• Formation and maturation of blood cells

blood

• Composed of blood cells (erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes) and a fluid intercellular substance (plasma)

• Lympnoid, liver spleen

• Form lymphocytes

• Neutrophils (segmenters other term) allergic reaction

• Thrombocytes (platelets)

muscular tissue

• Cells are usually elongated and are bound together into sheets or bundles by connective tissue

• Muscle cells have greater capacity for contraction than most other cells

• Responsible for most movement in higher animals

• Higher animals = humans, have spinal cord

skeletal/striated
cardiac/striated
smooth/unstriated

muscular tissue: types as to structure/function

skeletal/striated muscle

• composed of long, cylindrical filamentous cell

• found attached to the skeleton

• responsible for voluntary movement of the body

• Multinucleated

• Found attached in skeletal 

cardiac/striated muscle

• composed of linear, branching bundles of fibers joined end to end by intercalated disc

• found in the walls of the heart

• responsible for the involuntary contraction of the organ

• Presence of elongated nucleus = loc diverging cells

smooth/unstriated muscle

• also called visceral muscle

• composed of elongated cells with tapered ends

• spindle shaped or fusiform

• found in the internal organs (stomach, intestine)

• responsible for the involuntary movement of these organs

• Tapered = pointed end

• Contains clear cytoplasm

nervous tissue

• composed of nerve cells or neurons

• has great capacity to respond to stimuli since they can be easily stimulated and can transmit impulses rapidly

neurons

• Made up of cell body (perikaryon) and one or more protoplasmic processes (axon and dendrites)

• Do not undergo cell division

• Responsible for reception of stimuli and transmission of impulses

anaxonic neuron

have more than two processes, but axons cannot be distinguished from dendrites

bipolar neuron

have two processes separated by the cell body

pseudounipolar neuron

have single elongated process with the cell body situated to one side

multipolar neuron

have more than two processes: there is a single axin, and multiple dendrites

neuroglia

• Supporting cells for nourishment, protect for neurons

• if it Undergo cell division = brain tumor

aroglia/astrocytes

• Main Function: Connect neurons to capillaries (blood vessels).

• Role: They form the blood-brain barrier, regulate the chemical environment, and supply nutrients to neurons.

oligodendrocytes

• Main Function: Produce the myelin sheath.

microglia

Main Function: Act as the specialized phagocytes (immune cells) of the brain.