16.2

Freedmen’s Bureau

Created in March 1865, it provided food, education, and helped labor contracts for freed people and poor White people.

Black Codes

Discriminatory laws enacted by Southern states in 1865 and 1866 to maintain racial hierarchy and control labor.

Civil Rights Act of 1866

Passed in April 1866, it established citizenship for African Americans and was aimed at protecting their rights.

Fourteenth Amendment

Ratified in 1868, it granted citizenship and equal protection under the law while overturning the three-fifths compromise.

Dred Scott Decision

The 1857 ruling that declared Black people could not be citizens, later overturned by the Civil Rights Act and the Fourteenth Amendment.

Radical Republicans

A group advocating for greater rights for freed people and a thorough Reconstruction of the South, supporting the Civil Rights Act and Fourteenth Amendment.

President Andrew Johnson

Opposed congressional Reconstruction efforts, advocated for leniency towards the South, and vetoed significant legislation regarding freed people's rights.

Swing Around the Circle

President Johnson’s public speaking tour in late summer 1866 that opposed Radical Republican Reconstruction efforts.

Consequences of the Freedmen's Bureau

Provided vital assistance in food and education but faced violence and political opposition.

Endurance of Black Codes

Despite federal efforts, they persisted and laid the groundwork for future Jim Crow laws.