Mexican War for Independence Review

Flashcards for reviewing the Mexican War for Independence

Start of the Mexican War for Independence

September 16, 1810 - Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla issues el Grito de Dolores.

End of the Mexican War for Independence

September 27, 1821 - Army of the Three Guarantees enters Mexico City.

Peninsulares

Spanish-born elite living in New Spain.

Criollos

Spaniards born in the Americas, usually wealthy but with less political power.

Three main causes of the Mexican War for Independence

Social inequality, political control from Spain, and economic exploitation.

Queretaro

City where info was moved after the conspiracy was discovered

Stage 1: Initiation

Began revolt (Grito de Dolores). Key people: Hidalgo, Allende, Aldama . Dates: 1810-1811

Stage 2: Organization

Structure, documents like Sentimientos de la Nación. Key people: Morelos. Dates: 1811-1815

Stage 3: Resistance

Small battles, survival tactics. Key people: Guerrero. Dates: 1815-1820

Stage 4: Consummation

Join forces, Plan de Iguala. Key People: Iturbide & Guerrero. Dates: 1820-1821

Miguel Hidalgo

Started the revolution

Ignacio Allende, Juan Aldama, Mariano Abasolo

Early military leaders

Josefa Ortíz de Domínguez

Warned the rebels

José María Morelos

Created structure, wrote Sentimientos de la Nación

Vicente Guerrero

Fought during resistance, later allied with Iturbide

Agustín de Iturbide

Switched sides, helped finish the war, became first emperor

Querétaro Conspiracy

Secret plans for rebellion discovered.

Cry of Dolores

Hidalgo’s call for war on Sept. 16, 1810.

Alhóndiga de Granaditas

Rebels win, symbolic early victory.

Battle of Monte de las Cruces

Insurgents win but retreat out of caution.

Key points from Sentimientos de la Nación by Morelos

Abolish slavery, promote equality, establish a republic.

Acatempan Hug

Peace between Iturbide and Guerrero

Trigarante Army

Army of the Three Guarantees: Religion (Catholicism), Independence, Unity

Plan de Iguala (1821)

The official plan for ending the war

Anarchy

Chaos from 1821–1824 (no strong government)

First Mexican Government after Independence

Empire (Agustín de Iturbide)

First President of Mexico

Guadalupe Victoria (1824)

First Mexican Constitution: 1824

Created three branches: Executive, Legislative, Judicial

Main problems after Mexican Independence

Economic crisis, political instability, lack of national unity

Insurgent Flag

Virgin of Guadalupe (faith); rebels

Royalist Flag

Red and yellow (Spain); Spanish Crown

Trigarante Army Flag (1821)

Green, white, red – independence, religion, unity; Iturbide

First Empire Flag (1822)

Crowned eagle, same tricolor; Empire of Mexico

Nación Mexicana Flag (1824)

Tricolor with eagle on cactus; Mexican Republic

Modern Mexican Flag (1968)

Eagle eating snake, official version today; Current Mexico

Origin of the name Mexico

Mēxihco, Aztec name for the capital

Year of recognition of Mexico with "x"

1824

Year of official spelling change of Mexico

2010

Four names of Mexico

New Spain, Empire of Mexico, United Mexican States, Mexico (current name)

Three main causes for loss of Mexican territory

Texas Rebellion – 1836, Mexican-American War – 1846–1848, Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo – 1848

The Alamo

Mexican troops fought American settlers.

Santa Anna

Captured at San Jacinto, forced into surrender

Lost regions after the Mexican-American War

California, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, and more.

Clerical Constitution: 1824

Church had political power

Secular Constitution: 1857

Church and state were separated

Two main differences between the constitutions of 1824 and 1857

Religion removed from politics and Civil rights improved

Presidents of Mexico (24th-26th)

Ignacio Comonfort, Benito Juárez, Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada

Félix Zuloaga

Conservative President

Reform Laws by Benito Juárez

Births, deaths handled by the state; took land from the church; Church lost special legal rights; Free secular education

Reform War (1857–1861)

Church vs. State conflict

Winner of the Reform War

Liberal side (Benito Juárez)

Leader of the Porfiriato

Porfirio Díaz

Time of the Porfiriato

1876–1911

Three Pillars of Control during the Porfiriato

Zero Tolerance, Evident Dictatorship, Country’s Ownership

Contributions of the Porfiriato

Railroads, Economic growth, Industrialization, Order and peace

James Creelman Interview (1908)

Díaz said he would step down.

Opponent of Díaz

Francisco I. Madero

Madero's plan

Plan de San Luis: Free elections

Fate of Díaz

Díaz resigns, goes to exile in France

Main coordinates of Mexico

~23°N and 102°W

Americans

American citizens

Latin Americans

All from Latin-language-speaking American countries

Ibero-Americans

Countries colonized by Spain or Portugal

Hispanic Americans

Spanish-speaking American countries

Borders of Mexico

U.S.A., Guatemala and Belize

Regions of Mexico

North, Northwest, Northeast, West, Central, East, South, Southeast

Number of States in Mexico

32

Examples of Mexican States & Capitals

Jalisco – Guadalajara, Nuevo León – Monterrey, Yucatán – Mérida

Important Mexican Dates

September 16 – Independence Day, February 5 – Constitution Day, March 21 – Benito Juárez’s birthday, November 20 – Start of the Mexican Revolution

1762

France gives the Louisiana Territory to Spain

1803

USA buys the Louisiana Territory from France

1800

Spain sells the Louisiana Territory back to France

1810

Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla issues the "Cry of Delores" starting the Wars of Mexican Independence

1813

Royalist Spanish soldiers win the Battle of Medina against the King

1819

The Adams-Onis Treaty sets the Eastern boundary of Texas as the Sabine River

1820

Rebellion in Spain

1821

The Treaty of Cordoba is signed between Mexico and Spain, granting Mexico independence from Spain