New Labour

Why should New Labour not be understood purely through ideology?

it also involved rhetoric and campaigning

What pamphlet did Blair publish during the 1994 leadership contest?

Socialism

Why did Blair use socialist language in his 1994 pamphlet?

to win Labour members

What two forms of socialism did Blair distinguish in Socialism?

economic deterministic and ethical socialism

Which form of socialism did Blair identify with in 1994?

ethical socialism

What does economically deterministic socialism emphasise?

tax and spending

What does ethical socialism emphasise?

socialist values such as equality

Who wrote The Future of Socialism?

Anthony Crosland

When was The Future of Socialism published?

1956

Who wrote the foreword to the edition mentioned in the notes?

Gordon Brown

What shift did Crosland's ethical socialism make?

means to ends

When did the Cold War end according to the notes?

1991

When did Blair become Labour leader?

1994

By what year was New Labour moving towards modified capitalism?

1996

What form of capitalism did Blair reject?

shareholder capitalism

What form of capitalism did Blair favour?

stakeholder capitalism

Which economist is given as an example connected to stakeholder capitalism?

John Kay

Who wrote The State We're In?

Will Hutton

When was The State We're In published?

1995

Which newspaper was Will Hutton associated with?

The Guardian

Which economic model did Hutton favour over the Anglo-American model?

European model

What weakness did Hutton identify in the Anglo-American model?

short-termism

What time horizon did Hutton favour in economic decision-making?

long-term

What type of capitalism did Hutton advocate?

stakeholder capitalism

What pamphlet did Blair publish with the Fabian Society in 1998?

The Third Way

What did The Third Way signal about Blair's relationship with the left?

willingness to abandon it

From which US politician did New Labour borrow triangulation?

Bill Clinton

How did New Labour define the Third Way rather than as a midpoint?

best elements of left and right

Which theorist is associated with the Third Way?

Anthony Giddens

Why did Blair prepare for possible cooperation with the Liberal Democrats?

he feared Labour might lack a majority

Which earlier Labour event contributed to Blair's electoral caution?

Kinnock's Sheffield rally

What was New Labour's first stated motivation for constitutional reform?

building political allies

Which parties could constitutional reform help New Labour ally with?

Liberal Democrats and regional parties

What was New Labour's second motivation for constitutional reform?

appear radical without socialism or high costs

Why was constitutional reform financially attractive to New Labour?

it could be radical without raising taxes

Why did New Labour not reform Westminster's electoral system after its landslide?

the existing system benefited it

Which commission recommended AV+?

Jenkins Commission

Was AV+ implemented for Westminster elections?

no

How many hereditary peers remained after New Labour's Lords reform?

92

How many hereditary peers did Cranborne initially want retained?

100

Why was Cranborne's deal controversial within the Conservatives?

he accepted it against Shadow Cabinet wishes

Who replaced Cranborne according to the notes?

Stratcliffe

When was the Supreme Court created?

2005

Why is Supreme Court reform an outlier among New Labour constitutional reforms?

it was not first-term reform

When was the Human Rights Act passed?

1998

What practical change did the Human Rights Act make for rights cases?

allowed cases in UK courts

Where had rights cases otherwise needed to go?

Strasbourg

What institution did devolution create in Scotland?

Scottish Parliament

What initial powers did Wales receive?

secondary legislative powers

Which two further constitutional reforms are listed?

Freedom of Information and European Parliament Elections Acts

Until when did New Labour follow Conservative spending plans?

2000

What income-tax commitment appeared on Labour's 1997 pledge card?

no rise in rates

What one-off tax did New Labour impose on privatised utilities?

windfall tax

Why did New Labour justify the windfall tax?

utilities had been sold too cheaply

What age group did the New Deal target?

under-25s

What was the New Deal's employment objective?

move young people from benefits into work

What monetary-policy institution did New Labour make independent?

Bank of England

What responsibility was removed from the Chancellor through Bank independence?

setting interest rates

What political-economic cycle was Bank independence intended to reduce?

electoral boom-bust

What Labour constitutional commitment to nationalisation was removed?

Clause IV

Which constitution contained the old Clause IV?

Webb Constitution

What tax-credit policy supported working families?

Working Families Tax Credit

Which politician is associated in the notes with Working Families Tax Credit?

Gordon Brown

What religious background is linked in the notes to Brown's work ethic?

Presbyterian Christian

What broad policy division existed between Brown and Blair?

Brown domestic, Blair international and Northern Ireland

What Conservative education scheme did New Labour abolish?

Assisted Places Scheme

What did the Assisted Places Scheme fund?

poor children attending independent schools

What did New Labour fund using Assisted Places money?

smaller state-school classes

Which LGBT-related Conservative policy did New Labour repeal?

Section 28

What four LGBT reforms are listed under New Labour?

Section 28 repeal, civil partnerships, equal age of consent, gays in military

What crime-control measure exemplified New Labour authoritarianism?

ASBOs

What other right-wing authoritarian policies are listed?

more police, prisons and tighter asylum policy

What happened to poverty in some areas under New Labour?

decreased

What happened to inequality under New Labour?

increased

How did New Labour treat unemployed people relative to earlier Labour welfare ideals?

more harshly

What tax choice limited New Labour's redistribution?

refusal to tax higher earners more

What maximum class size did Labour's pledge card promise for ages 5–7?

30

What youth-justice target appeared on the pledge card?

halve arrest-to-sentence time

By how many patients did Labour initially promise to cut NHS waiting lists?

100,000

How much NHS bureaucracy saving was intended to fund that waiting-list pledge?

£100 million

How many under-25s did the pledge card aim to move into work?

250,000

What funded the pledge to move 250,000 young people into work?

windfall levy

To what rate did Labour promise to cut VAT on heating?

5%

What two dimensions of British social democracy does Eric Shaw identify?

redistribution and ethical socialism

What capitalist failing does the redistributive dimension criticise?

unfair distribution

What fundamental principle underlies social-democratic redistribution?

equality

What problem with capitalism does ethical socialism emphasise?

dehumanising relationships

Which thinker is associated with the ethical-socialist criticism of individualism?

R. H. Tawney

What social relationship does ethical socialism prefer to capitalist rivalry?

fellowship

Which policy field most clearly illustrates New Labour's equality-of-opportunity approach?

education

What did Labour's 1974 manifesto promise regarding educational selection?

speed up its abolition

What educational phrase encapsulated Blair's opportunity agenda?

education, education, education

What social outcome did Blair hope education would achieve?

break down class divides

How did New Labour change higher-education funding?

grants towards loans

Why could loans undermine equal opportunity?

poorer students incurred more debt

What additional higher-education charge did New Labour introduce?

tuition fees

Why does the notes' argument connect equality of outcome with opportunity?

existing outcomes shape opportunities

Which earlier government exemplifies welfare-based equality of outcome?

Attlee government

What slogan characterised New Labour welfare reform?

work not welfare

How did New Labour make welfare more conditional?

linked benefits to economic participation