Central Nervous System (CNS)

Cerebrum
(LFT and RT Cerebral Hemispheres)

Largest part of the brain, manages all of conscious thoughts, actions, and input from the senses

Cerebral Cortex

Folded surface of the brain

Corpus Callosum

Pathway connecting the left and right cerebral hemispheres

Gray

In the cerebral cortex, ??? matter is responsible for higher functions of nervous system

Lateral Sulcus

Separates Temporal Lobe from other regions

Central Sulcus

Separates Parietal and Frontal lobes

Parieto-Occipital Sulcus

Separates Parietal and Occipital Lobes

1. Temporal Lobe
2. Occipital Lobe
3. Parietal Lobe
4. Frontal Lobe

What are the 4 Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex?

Premotor Gyrus

Which gyrus is responsible for preconception of movement?

Precentral Gyrus

Which gyrus is responsible for the primary motor cortex (frontal lobe)?

Postcentral Gyrus

Which gyrus is responsible for somatosensory (parietal lobe)?

Frontal Eye Fields

Region of Cerebral Cortex that will elicit eye movement based on visual stimuli

Broca's Area

Controls language expression - an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.

Prefrontal Lobe

Region of Cerebral Cortex associated for personality, short-term memory, and consciousness

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

Most common CNS autoimmune disorder that attacks the myelin sheath. Commonly affects young women

Thalamus

the brain's sensory control center, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

Hypothalamus

A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.

True

Hypothalamus: hormones, autonomic activities, motor movements

True or False

Aside from regulating hormones and autonomic activities, the Hypothalamus assist in regulating motor movements

Pituitary Gland

Under the influence of the hypothalamus, assists in regulating hormones and autonomic activities

Limbic System

neural system (including the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus) located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with memory formation and emotional responses

Amygdala

A limbic system structure involved in long-term memory. Also involved in processing, experiencing, and controlling emotion (particularly fear and aggression).

Hippocampus

A neural center located in the limbic system that is sensitive to stress and thought to be involved in long-term memory.

Part of the limbic-cortical-hypothalamic circuit

Cerebellum

A large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills. Thought to be involved in learning and perception.

Cerebral Ganglia (Nuclei)

Clusters of neurons made of gray matter and surrounded by white. Connected by tracts.

Tracts

Bundles of axons that extend from the cell bodies.

Can be found in Cerebral Ganglia (Nuclei)

Basal nuclei

Which Cerebral Ganglia (Nuclei) are responsible for....

Cognitive processing (planning movements) and controlling movements

Basal Forebrain Nuceli

Which Cerebral Ganglia (Nuclei) are responsible for....

memory, learning; ACh production and often the site affected by Alzheimer's Disease?

limbic cortex

collection of structures of the cerebral cortex that are involved in emotion, memory, and behavior and are part of the larger limbic system

Caudate + Putamen = Striatum

Globus Pallidus
--> Lateral (external)
--> Medial (internal)

What structures make up the Basal Ganglia (nuclei) to assist with planning and controlling movements?

Substantia Nigra

Produces Dopamine and relays messages that plan and control body movements

Parkinson's Disease (PD)

Is a degenerative, progressive disorder that affects nerve cells of the brain called the basal ganglia and the substantia nigra

Dopamine

Parkinson's is a disease affecting the basal ganglia and the substantia nigra. LOSS OF WHICH NT results in the shuffling gait and tremors

Direct (Excitatory)
Indirect (Inhibitory)
Hyperdirect (Inhibitory)

What are the three types of Basal Ganglia Pathways? Which are Excitatory and which are Inhibitory?

D1-type Receptors = Excitatory

D2-type Receptors = Inhibitory

There are two types of Dopamine receptors in the Basal Ganglia pathways.

What are they? Which are excitatory? inhibitory?

Ready to Move = ACTIVE Substantia Nigra

Decrease Movement = INACTIVE Substantia Nigra

How is movement of the body affected by active Substantia Nigra and inactive Substantia Nigra?

True

True or False

The direct AND indirect pathways of the Basal Ganglia both begin with the cortex stimulating the caudate & putamen (striatum) via NT Glutamate

GPi - Globus Pallidus Internus
and Substantia (SN)

In the Direct pathway of the Basal Ganglia, the Striatum (Caudate & Putamen) will send inhibitory signals to the...

GABA

In the Direct pathway of the Basal Ganglia, the inhibitory signals sent from the Striatum to the GPi and SN are via which NT?

Thalamus

In the Direct pathway of the Basal Ganglia, the GPi and SN will send inhibitory signals (via GABA) to which organ?

Inhibiting an Inhibitor (Thalamus) will result in leading to the STIMULATION of MOVEMENT

In the Direct Pathway of the Basal Ganglia, inhibiting the Thalamus will have what effect?

Direct Pathway

Cortex --> STIMULATORY --> Striatum

In the Direct Pathway of the Basal Ganglia, the cortex sends STIMULATORY or INHIBITORY? signals to the Striatum (caudate & putamen).

Indirect Pathway

Cortex --> INHIBITORY --> Striatum

In the Indirect Pathway of the Basal Ganglia, the cortex sends STIMULATORY or INHIBITORY? signals to the Striatum (caudate & putamen).

Indirect Pathway

GPe - Globus Pallidus Externus

In the Indirect pathway of the Basal Ganglia, the Striatum (Caudate & Putamen) will send inhibitory signals (NT Glutamate) to the...

Subthalamic nucleus (STN)

In the Indirect pathway of the Basal Ganglia, the GPe will send inhibitory signals to the...

GPi (Globus Pallidus Internus)
and Substantia Nigra

In the Indirect pathway, inhibiting the STN will stimulate the...

Inhibition of Movement

In the Indirect Pathway, the stimulation of inhibitory GPi will produce the end result of....

DIRECT

The substantia nigra (SN) acts on both pathways using dopamine, using D1 receptros to stimulate the ??? Pathway

INDIRECT

The substantia nigra (SN) acts on both pathways using dopamine, using D2 receptors to inhibit the ??? Pathway

Midbrain

Region between the hindbrain and the forebrain. Located below the cerebral cortex & on top of the brainstem.

it is important for motor control of eye movements

Brainstem

-Connects brain to spinal cord
-Controls many autonomic functions
-Contains both Gray & White matter

Gray matter

??? matter are subdivided into regions that are referred to as horns.

Sensory Processing

Gray matter of the Posterior (dorsal) horn is responsible for...

Sending out motor signals to the skeletal muscles

Gray matter of the Anterior (ventral) horn is responsible for...

Sending out motor signals to the skeletal muscles

Gray matter of the Anterior (ventral) horn is responsible for...

Automatic motor neurons for ONLY thoracic, upper lumbar, and sacral regions

Gray matter of the Lateral horn is responsible for...

columns

White matter is subdivided into regions that are referred to as...

White Matter

What type of matter are CNS tracts made up of?

(Dorsal) ASCENDING tracts

Which type of tract sends:

SENSORY information TO the brain

Spinothalamic Tracts
(ascending sensory)

Which type of tract sends:

Sends sensory information from the skin to the thalamus

ANTERIOR COLUMN
(Ascending sensory of Spinothalamic tract)

SPINOTHALAMIC Tract:
ANTERIOR or LATERAL column?

conveys sensory of crude touch, firm pressure to thalamus

LATERAL COLUMN
(Ascending sensory of Spinothalamic tract)

SPINOTHALAMIC Tract:
ANTERIOR or LATERAL column?

conveys pain and temperature

Corticospinal (Pyramidal) Tract

Which type of tract sends descending motor from the brain to muscles?

ANTERIOR Column
(Descending motor of Corticospinal Tract)

CORTICOSPINAL Tract:
ANTERIOR or LATERAL column?

Conveys motor to the muscles of the trunk and up; cross but not decussate

LATERAL Column
(Descending motor of Corticospinal Tract)

CORTICOSPINAL Tract:
ANTERIOR or LATERAL column?

Conveys motor to the muscles; Crosses over (X); left brain control right extremities

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

A fatal neurodegenerative disease that affects the nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord that control voluntary muscle movement and breathing

ALS affects BOTH UMN and LMN

True or False

Only Upper Motor Neurons (UMN) are affected by ALS

Motor Neurons (UMN and LMN)

Death of ??? neurons will cause weakened muscles and they can no longer contract

Vertebral a. & Carotid a.

What are the two main arteries that supply blood to the brain?

Vertebral a. --> Cerebellum & Brainstem

Carotid a. --> Cerebrum

Vertebral a. supplies blood to which parts of the brain?

Carotid a. supplies blood to which part of the brain?

Brain Tissue

The CIRCLE OF WILLIS supplies blood to...

Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)

physiological barrier between the circulatory system and the central nervous system that establishes a privileged blood supply, restricting the flow of substances into the CNS

Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF)

A solution that fills the hollow cavities of the brain and circulates around the brain and spinal cord. Provides nourishment, cushions, and removes wastes.

EPENDYMAL cell

Within the ventricles of the brain, ???? cell cilia pulse CSF to transport through ventricles.

EPENDYNAL Cells (CNS) in the Ventricle

Which cells are responsible for producing CSF, aiding in nutrition exchange and waste clearance (homeostasis)?