HUMANBIOLOGY_MODULEONETWO

energy

the ability to do work.

order of life’s organizational hierarchy

AMOCTO

The first law of thermodynamics

how energy can be converted between different forms. Cannot be created or destroyed.

metabolism

the biochemical reactions of a cell.

metabolism: catabolic

breaking something down to release energy

metabolism: anabolic

building something up and require energy

chemical reactions: endergonic reactions

require energy, products contain more energy than reactants, building complex molecules from simpler ones.

chemical reactions: exergonic reactions

release energy, products contain less energy than reactants, breaking complex molecules into simpler ones.

atp (adenosine triphosphate)

a molecule whose high-energy phosphate bonds power many biological processes.

enzyme

an organic molecule that catalyzes a chemical reaction without being consumed.

activation energy

energy required for a chemical reaction to begin.

negative feedback

regulatory mechanism in which a change in a condition triggers action that reverses the change.

passive transport

movement of a solute across a membrane without the direct expenditure of energy.

diffusion

the passive movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

active transport

movement of a substance across a membrane against its concentration gradient, using a carrier protein and energy from ATP.

active transport: movement

move from an area of low concentration to high concentration

concentration gradient

difference in solute concentrations between two adjacent regions

endocytosis

form of transport in which a membrane engulfs substances to bring them into a cell.

endocytosis: pinocytosis

small particles

endocytosis: phagocytosis

large particles

receptor-mediated endocytosis

a specialized form of pinocytosis that uses a receptor protein to recognize compatible molecules and take them into the cell.

Cell

The smallest unit of life that can function independently.

Organism

A single living individual; organisms consist of one or more cells.

Atom

A particle of matter; composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.

Molecule

Two or more atoms joined by chemical bonds.

Organelles

A membrane-bounded structure with a specific function inside a cell.

Tissue

Group of cells that interact and provide a specific function; multicellular life only.

Organ

Two or more tissues that interact and function as an integrated unit; multicellular life only.

Organ System

Two or more physically or functionally linked organs; multicellular life only.

Population

A group of the same species of organism living in the same place and time.

Community

All populations that occupy the same region.

Ecosystem

The living and nonliving components of an area.

Biosphere

Part of Earth where life can exist.

Multicellular

Having or consisting of many cells.

Unicellular

Consisting of a single cell.

Primary Producer

Species forming the base of a food web by extracting energy and nutrients from nonliving sources; an autotroph; plants, microbes, and some bacteria.

Consumers

Organisms that eat other organisms; heterotrophs; living or dead.

Decomposers

Organisms that consume wastes and dead organic matter, returning inorganic nutrients to the ecosystem.

Homeostasis

A state of internal constancy in the presence of changing external conditions.

Asexual Reproduction

Offspring arise from only one parent.

Sexual Reproduction

The combination of genetic material from two individuals to create a third individual.

Evolution

Genetic change over time in a population.

Adaptation

Inherited trait that permits an organism to survive and reproduce.

Taxonomy

The science of describing, naming, and classifying organisms.

Scientific Method

A systematic approach to understanding the natural world based on evidence and testable hypotheses.

Hypothesis

A testable, tentative explanation based on prior knowledge.

Prediction

Anticipated outcome of the test of a hypothesis.

Observations and Questions

Initial observations and questions that lead to hypotheses and predictions.

Experimental Design

A careful plan to test a hypothesis.

Variable

Any changeable element in an experiment.

Independent variable

What is manipulated; a factor that is hypothesized to influence a dependent variable.

Dependent variable

What is measured; the response that may be under the influence of an independent variable.

Standardized variable

Held constant for all subjects.

Control

Untreated group used for comparison.

Placebo

Inert substance sometimes administered to a control group.

Sample size

Number of subjects in each treatment and control group.

Statistically significant

Unlikely to be attributed to chance; the probability that results arose purely by chance is low.

Theory

Well-supported scientific explanation.

Fact

A repeatable observation that everyone can agree on; a collection of facts by itself does not explain anything.

Technology

The practical application of scientific knowledge.

Tree of Life

Image

How many domains does the Tree of Life have?

Three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

What are Bacteria and Archaea under?

The two prokaryotic domains of life

True or False: Bacteria and Archaea are unicellular.

True

What domains lacks nuclei and other components?

Bacteria and Archaea

What are the four major kingdoms within the domain Eukarya?

Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

Protista

A diverse group of eukaryotic organisms, mostly unicellular, that do not fit into the other eukaryotic kingdoms.

Fungi

Eukaryotic organisms, including yeasts, molds, and mushrooms, characterized by their absorption of nutrients from their environment.

Plantae

The kingdom comprising multicellular organisms that produce their own food through photosynthesis, such as plants.

Animalia

The kingdom comprising multicellular, heterotrophic organisms that typically ingest their food, such as animals.

The scientific method

The process of science, though it varies depending on the situation, generally adheres to an organized sequence of steps.

Scientific Method Steps

1. Hypothesis 2. Experiment 3. Analysis 4. Conclusion and Reporting

Pillbugs (Rollie Poly)

omnivores, the feed on decaying matter.

How do pillbugs detect food? (smell, taste, touch, sight, sound)

smell

Pillbug: Positive Response?

movement toward a stimulus

Pillbug: Negative Response?

movement away from it

Pillbug: Defense (neither + or -)?

rolling up

choice chamber

two circular chambers with a channel in between. the first chamber has a control substance and the second chamber has a test substance.

substance that takes up space and is made of atoms

matter

a pure substance consisting of atoms containing a characteristic number of protons

element

a particle of matter; composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons

atom

a particle in an atom’s nucleus carrying a positive charge

proton

a particle in an atom’s nucleus that is electrically neutral

neutron

central part of an atom

nucleus (atom)

a negatively charged particle that makes up part of an atom

electron

the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom’s nucleus

mass number

any of the forms of an element, each having a different number of neutrons in the nucleus

isotope

two or more atoms joined by chemical bonds

molecule

volume of space where a particular electron is likely to be

orbital

attraction between oppositely charged ions

ionic bond

type of chemical bond in which two atoms share electrons

covalent bond

weak chemical bond between opposite partial charges on two molecules or within one large molecule

hydrogen bond

the attraction of water molecules to one another

cohesion

a chemical in which other substances dissolve, forming a solution

solvent

a chemical that dissolves in a solvent, forming a solution

solute

a mixture of a solute dissolved in a solvent

solution

interaction in which bonds break and new bonds form

chemical reaction

neither acidic nor basic

neutral (solution)

the result of a chemical reaction

product

compound containing both carbon and hydrogen

organic molecule