APHUG ap exam

Types of reference maps

Political, physical

What do political maps display

States, countries, capitals

What do physical maps display

Natural features

Types of thematic maps

Chloropleth, dot-density, proportional symbol, cartogram, isoline

Chloropleth

colors

Dot-density

dots

Proportional/graduated symbol

different sized dots

Cartogram

proportional sizes

Isoline/topographic

lines

Absolute location

exact place

Site

physical characteristics of absolute location

Relative location (situation)

location in relation to others

Clustering

close

Dispersal/distribution

far

Map projections are SADD, what is SADD

shape, area, distance, direction

advantages of Mercator

direction, lats/longs make right angles

advantages of Peters Equal

land size

advantages of Robinson

sizes kinda accurate

GIS

digital map info stored, analyzed, displayed in LAYERS

GPS

absolute location from satellites orbiting Earth

Remote sensing

long distance cameras to see land use

Quantitative data

counted/measured

Qualitative data

descriptive, non-numerical

How is location described

sense of place, cultural landscape, placelessness

Sense of place

contributes to place’s uniqueness

cultural landscape/built environment

man-made landscapes

placelessness

place w/o distinct attributes

Regionalization

divide spaces

distance decay

more distance = less interactions = less influence

time-space compression

modern technology/transportation makes the world smaller

diffusion

characteristics spread across places

environmental determinism

geography affects human activity/development (CONTROLS)

possibilism

humans can ADAPT to environment

how does environment impact society

resources affect development

how do people modify environment

alternative resources, sustainable practices

small scale map (think DETAIL)

little detail, big map

large scale map (think DETAIL)

lots of detail, small map

formal/uniform/homo region

economic, social, political environmental (ESPN)

functional/nodal

nodes/focal points

vernacular/perceptual

based on sense of place

Arithmetic density

population/area

physiological density

population/arable land

agricultural density

farmers/arable land

Stage 2 in population pyramid

triangle

Stage 3 in population pyramid

rounded triangle

Stage 4 in population pyramid

rectangle

Stage 5 in population pyramid

upside down triangle

Anomaly

doesnt follow structure (war, migration)

dependency ratio

-15/65+ who depends on workers

CBR (birth)

yearly births per 1000 people

TFR (fertility)

how many children born per woman

life expectancy

average number of years expected to live

CDR (death)

yearly deaths per 1000 people

IMR (infant mortality)

number of people who die before 1 y/o

NIR/RNI (increase rate)

population fluctuation% in a year, (CBR-CDR)/10

Growth rate

population growth% including migration, (births-deaths+immigrants-emigrants)/10

doubling time

years until country doubles in size, 70/NIR

Stage 1 (DTM)

1700s, high CBR/CDR

Stage 2 (DTM)

1750s, Africa, High CBR, declining CDR

Stage 3 (DTM)

1900s, Asia/LA, declining CBR/CDR

Stage 4 (DTM)

1950s, NA/Europe, low CBR/CDR

Stage 5 (DTM)

2000s, CBR<CDR

Stage 1 (ET)

pestilence (fatal disease), famine

Stage 2 (ET)

less pandemics

Stage 3 (ET)

degenerative (worsening), manmade diseases

Stage 4 (ET)

delayed degenerative diseases

Stage 5 (ET)

infectious/parasitic diseases reemerge

Malthus

population grows faster than food supply (wrong)

Boserup

as population increases, technology develops to sustain

Neo-malthusian

environment cannot sustain growing population

pronatalist

grows population

antinatalist

limits population

Rostow (TPTDH)

• traditional

• precondition for takeoff

• takeoff

• drive to maturity

• high mass consumption

Rostow criticisms

Western, exploits LDCs, linear, ignores sustainability/opportunities

Wallerstein’s WST

Core, semi-periphery, periphery

Wallerstein criticisms

ignores culture, outdated, impractical, ignores non-governmental organizations

intervening obstacle

barriers keeps migrants from traveling

intervening opportunities

makes migrants voluntary stop traveling

Remittances

money sent to migrant’s country of origin, improves economy

Ravenstein

• migration is short distance

• occurs in steps

• urban attracts rural/long distance

• counter migration

• young, single men

• economy affects migration

Asylum seeker

fled home to seek sanctuary

Internally displaced person

leaves home, stays within borders

Refugee

forced to flee

Enslaved person

forced to do things

Chain migration

migrates follow people

Guest worker

travel for work

Step migration

traveling in steps

Transhumance

seasonal livestock movement

Brain drain

talented/educated people emigrate

Migration

relocation to another place

Immigration

moving in

Emigration

moving out

net-in

more people go in than out (MDC)

net-out

more people out than in

Transnational migration

migrate outside of country

Internal migration

migration within country

Interregional

one region to another

intraregional

same region

primary

extracting raw materials/natural resources

secondary

processes raw materials into products