Eukaryotic Cell Structure- Alevel Biology

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Biology

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26 Terms

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Nucleus

  • center of cell

  • includes nucleus envelope, nucleolus, and nuclear pores

  • Has a double membrane

  • houses DNA and controls cell activities.

  • Controls protein synthesis, produces mRNA and tRNA

  • Manufactures rRNA and ribosomes

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nucleolus

  • Centre organelle inside nucleus

  • Assembles ribosomes

  • Synthesizes RNA

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Nucleoplasm

  • A jelly like substance that makes up the bulk of the nucleus.

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Function of the nucleus

  • Store the Dna

  • Control the cell activities

  • Manufacture rRNA and ribosomes

  • Control centre for protein synthesis

  • Production of mRNA and tRNA

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Nuclear envelope

  • double membrane

  • has pores

  • continuation onto ER

  • Surrounds the nucleus

  • provide entry and exit of proteins and RNA through pores

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Nuclear pores

Allow large molecules to pass, such as mRNA out the nucleus.

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Ribosome

  • Made of 2 sub units

  • Made by the nucleulus

  • membrane bound to the RER or free

  • Site for protein translation.

  • Made out of rRNA and protein

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Function of ribosomes

Protein translation

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Cell membrane

  • "selective permeability"

  • multi layer

  • surrounds cytoplasm - lipids, proteins, carbs

  • Chemical reactions happen here

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Cell wall

  • provides structure and support to cells under osmotic pressure

  • Plant cell wall made if Cellulose

  • Fungi cell wall made of Chetin

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Mitochondria structure

  • Has a double membrane

  • Has Cristae, matrix, inner and outer membrane.

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Mitochondria function

Supply the cell with energy from aerobic respiration.

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Chloroplast

  • Has a double membrane

  • stroma: inside space

  • thylakoid system: connect thylakoid membrane in grana, convert light energy into chemical energy

  • chlorophyll: helps process of photosynthesis

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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

  • photosynthesis

  • produce proteins and lipids required for production of chloroplast membrane

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Cytoskeleton - general role

  • made up of microtubules,

  • support to cell and maintain its internal structure

  • Provides tracks by which vesicles are carried around inside the cell

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Centrisome

  • Made up of 2 centrioles

  • Which allow the mitotic spindle to form for mitosis and cytokenisis

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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

  • network of membranes that contains ribosomes

  • produce proteins for cell

  • Has membrane bound ribosomes to translate proteins from mRNA

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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

  • contains tubular membranes

  • does not have ribosomes on the surface

  • plays role in synthesis of carbohydrates and lipids

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Golgi apparatus

  • made up of series of stacked cisternae

  • located in cytoplasm next to endoplasmic reticulum

  • transportation, modification, packaging of lipids and proteins into vesicles to deliver diff. destination in cell

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Lysosome

  • membrane bound organelle contains digestive enzymes and lysozyme.

  • breaks down excess cell parts and worn out cell parts

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Vacuoles

  • space within cell

  • empty of cytoplasm

  • lined with membrane, filled with fluid

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The mitochondria matrix

Contains protein, lipids ribosomes and Dna- that allows the

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Cristae

Extensions of the inner membrane which provides a large surface area for enzymes and proteins to attach during respiration

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Tonoplast

The membrane that surrounds th vacuole

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Stroma

The matrix in a cholorplast

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Granum/Grana

A series of stacked thylakoids