Meiosis & the Cell Cycle

Independent Assortment

(during m1)

ensures genetic diversity between gametes produced by meiosis

crossing over

(during p1)

ensures every sperm and egg produced by meiosis is genetically unique

tetrad

2 replicated chromosomes joined, during crossover

gametes

formed from meiosis

multipotent

most specialized stem cells

totipotent

capable of developing into any cell type

not determined for any type of specilization

nondisjunction

The failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate properly during cell division, leading to an abnormal distribution of chromosomes in the daughter cells.

can occur in anaphase I or II

differentiation

gives each cell type a specific function

A, B, C

Which letter(s) is showing a mutation affecting only one homologous pair? 

random fertilization, crossing over, chromosome assortment during metaphase

three processes lead to variation among offspring that have the same two parents

muscle, heart muscle, brain, nerves, spinal cord

Stem cell research would be most beneficial to replace which type of cells if they became damaged?

in meiosis, the number of chromosomes is halved and genetic variation is introduced, but not in mitosis

main difference between mitosis and meiosis

4 haploid gametes

result of meiosis

they are responsible for fertilization

why do gametes have to be haploid

fertilization

2 haploids join, creating a diploid zygote

random mating, crossing over, independent assortment of chromosomes

what ensures that every offspring produced by a couple is genetically unique