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Personality
Unique, consistent patterns of behaviors and thoughts.
Personality psychology
Scientific study of personality development and variations.
Psychoanalysis
Theory and treatment techniques for personality understanding.
Id
Reservoir of unconscious drives seeking immediate gratification.
Superego
Moral compass guiding behavior based on ideals.
Ego
Mediator between id impulses and superego demands.
Defense mechanisms
Unconscious tactics to reduce anxiety and distort reality. created by Freud
Anxiety
Emotional response to conflict between id and superego.
Repression
Defense mechanism for anxiety that reduces anxiety by blocking impulses or memories from our consciousness
Frued beleives it underlies all other defense mechanisms
Regression
Retreating to an earlier psychosexual stage.
Example of Regression
Curls up with stuffed animal for comfort.
Reaction Formation
Switching unacceptable impulses into opposites.
Example of Reaction Formation
Declares getting cut was the best thing.
Projection
Attributing one's own impulses to others.
Example of Projection
Claims parents are mad at the coach.
Rationalization
Self-justifying explanations for actions.
Example of Rationalization
Says he could have made the team.
Displacement
Shifting impulses to a less threatening target.
Example of Displacement
Yells at little brother for no reason.
Sublimation
Transforming impulses into socially valued motives.
Example of Sublimation
Teaches brother soccer instead of yelling.
Denial
Refusing to accept painful realities.
Example of Denial
Insists there was an error on the team list.
Childhood Sexuality
Freud's beliefs unsupported by modern research.
Lack of Falsifability
Projection
Attributing one's threatening impulses to others.
Rationalization
Relates to cognitive dissonance
Modern Psychodynamic Theory
Evolution of Freud's ideas emphasizing dynamic interactions.
Projective Test
Personality test revealing inner feelings through ambiguous stimuli.
Rorschach Inkblot Test
Widely used projective test with 10 standardized inkblots.
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Projective test using stories about ambiguous scenes.
Self-Actualization
Ongoing realization of one's inherent potentials and capabilities.
Congruence
Alignment between real self and ideal self.
Real Self
Natural self in day-to-day life.
Ideal Self
Self shaped by significant relationships and expectations.
Conditions of Worth
Standards for acceptance based on external approval.
Incongruence
Discrepancy between real self and ideal self.
Unconditional Positive Regard
Acceptance without judgment, fostering personal growth.
Humanistic Theory
Focus on inherent potential for healthy personal growth.
Rogers' Beliefs
Emphasized self-actualization and positive regard in therapy.
Critics of Projective Tests
Argue less reliability than other assessment measures.
Implicit Motives
Unconscious drives influencing behavior and feelings.
Therapeutic Approaches
Modern methods incorporating Rogers' humanistic principles.
Personality Theories
Frameworks explaining individual differences in behavior.
Active Consciousness
View of individuals as proactive in their development.
Positive Outlook
Humanistic theories emphasize optimism in personality development.
Personality Assessment
Methods to evaluate individual personality traits and dynamics.
Ambiguous Images
Stimuli used in projective tests to elicit responses.
Interpretation of Responses
Trained analysis of test-taker's answers in assessments.
Dysfunctional Personality
Result of significant incongruence between self-concepts.
Free Will
Emphasis on future over past in personality development.
Trait Theory
Focus on observable, measurable personality characteristics.
Trait
Characteristic pattern of behavior, thoughts, and emotions.
Self-Reported Questionnaires
Tools for assessing personality through personal insights.
Factor Analysis
Statistical method identifying clusters of related behaviors.
Big Five Theory
Five widely accepted personality traits model.
OCEAN
Mnemonic for Big Five traits: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism.
Openness
Imaginative, untraditional, and open to new experiences.
Conscientiousness
Organized, disciplined, and reliable in behavior.
Extraversion
Sociable, assertive, and outgoing personality trait.
Agreeableness
Amiable, cooperative, and trusting nature in interactions.
Neuroticism
Emotional instability; prone to anxiety and depression.
Heritability
Genetic influence on personality traits, about 40%.
Personality Stability
Big Five traits stable in adulthood across cultures.
Personality Change
Continues to develop through adolescence and aging.
Empirical Data
Research-based evidence supporting psychological theories.
Optimism in Psychology
Belief in positive human capacity and potential.
Peer Reports
Feedback from others used in personality assessment.
Behavioral Correlation
Link between similar behaviors indicating a trait.
Cultural Influence
Big Five traits apply across different cultures.
Life Outcomes Prediction
Big Five traits predict significant life outcomes.
Psychotherapy Applications
Trait theories applied in various therapeutic contexts.
Conscientiousness
Predicts better school performance and workplace success.
Humanistic Theories
Focus on positive outlook and active personality development.
Self-reported questionnaires
Used to assess personal experiences and feelings.
Trait Theory
Focuses on observable and measurable personality characteristics.
Factor Analysis
Statistical procedure identifying correlated clusters of behaviors.
Big Five Theory
Widely accepted model of five personality traits.
OCEAN
Mnemonic for the Big Five traits: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism.
Openness
Imaginative and untraditional; wide range of interests.
Conscientiousness
Organized, disciplined, and hardworking personality trait.
Extraversion
Sociable, assertive, and outgoing behavior.
Agreeableness
Amiable, cooperative, and trusting nature.
Neuroticism
Emotional instability; includes anxiety and depression.
Heritability
Degree to which genetics influence personality traits.
Personality Development
Continues through adolescence, stabilizing in adulthood.
Cultural Application
Big Five traits apply across different cultures.
Predictive Behavior
Traits predict average behavior, not specific situations.
Empirical Data
Humanistic theories lack scientific observation and data.
Optimism Critique
Humanistic view seen as overly optimistic about human nature.
Personality Change
Personality traits can change with age and experience.
Biological Perspective
Supports inheritance of certain personality aspects.
Life Outcomes
Big Five traits predict important life outcomes.
Self-Report Personality Inventories
Questionnaires assessing multiple traits via statements.
Validity
Accuracy of a test in measuring what it claims.
Reliability
Consistency of a test's results over time.
Social Desirability Bias
Tendency to answer questions to appear favorable.
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
Widely used self-report inventory for emotional disorders.
Behavioral Approach to Personality
Focuses on learned behaviors through conditioning.
Social-Cognitive Theories
Emphasizes interaction of environment and mental processes.
