C3.1 Integration of Body Systems

list 3 organs in the nervous system

1. brain

2. spinal cord

3. nerve cell

list 3 organs in the endocrine system

1. thyroid gland

2. adrenal gland

3. pancreas

4. ovaries

Outline the pain refelx arc

• free nerve ending sensory neuron —> interneuron/ relay neuron —> motor neuron —> effector

• is an involuntary response

• synapses fo the neurons are withint he grey matter of the spinal cord

• intensity of the stimulation is proportional to the intensity of the reflex response

• brain is not involved, only the spinal cord involved

Outline an example of the pain reflex arc

patella tendon arc

• when that nerve is physically stimulated, the leg extends

• innat ereaction

• a nerve in between L2 to L4

list the overview arc of the nervous system

1. stimuli at the recpetors

2. sensory neurons (PNS)

3. spinal and/or brain (CNS)

   1. directly to brain (e.g. taste, smell)

   2. through spinal cord, then brain (eg. motor)

4. motor neuron (PNS)

5. effectors give a response (e.g.s muslces, organs)

Describe what sensory recpetors are.

• numerous types of stimuli (e.g. light, sound, touch)

• send signals via sensory neurons to the CNS

List the 3 types of neurons

1. snesory neuron

2. interneuron

3. motor neuron

they are structurally differnet to adapt to their function

describe what the spinal cord is

coordinates unconscious responses (e.g. reflexes), and conveys signlas to and from the brain.

Outline 5 roles of the brain

1. central coordinator of information

2. unconscious and conscious processes

3. receives complex sensory inputs

4. learns: formation of new synapses & strengthening of synaptic connections

5. memory: storage of learning

What is the function fo motor neurons

bring signals from CNS to effectors

Explain how the brain involved in motor control

• L and R cerebral hemispheres control muscle via motor neurson

• cause muscle contractions (e.g. peristalsis, blood vessesl)

• L cerebral hemisphere controls the R side

• R cerebral hemisphere controls the L side

Explain the functions fo the cerebellum

• “little brain”

• coordinates contraction of skeletal muscles, but is unable to initiate it

• overall control of body movement with precision and timing (e.g. balance, posture, walking)

• receives input from cerebral hemispheres

• involved in motor learning (e.g. learning a sport)

Describe what nerves are.

• bundles of axons of neurons

• contains both

  • sensory and motor neurons

  • myelinated and unmyelinated

• nerve fibers are bundled together inside protective sheath of connective tissue

what are feedback loops?

an output is measured to provide input to the system

Compare and contrast negative VS positive feedback

negative feedback

• if output inc, system dec

• negative means in the opposite direction

• for homeostasis

• e.g. if blood O2 dec, the brain detets is and reacts by inc the breathing rate to inc O2

positive feedback

• if output inc, system inc even greater

• positive means in the same direction

• not for homeostasis

• e.g. uterine contractions during brith cause an increase in contractions

Outline the funciton of the medulla oblongata.

• primative center of the bran

• regulates cardiovascular and respratory systems via nerve impulse, some being from chemoreceptors and baroreceptors

• increase or decrease

  • heart rate: bpm

  • stroke volume: volume fo blood pumped by th eleft ventricle in one contraction

  • ventilation rate:

    • inhale: contract ext intercostal muscles and diaphragm

    • exhale: contract int intercostal muscles and diaphragm

How does the medulla oblongata use chemorecpetors to increase or decrease rates?

• located in the aorta (vessel leaving the LV) and carotid artery (neck)

• monitor blood pH, O2, CO2 conc

• inc cell resp: inc CO2 conc, dec O2 conc and pH

  • signals the heart —> inc heart rate, inc ventilation rate (by contractions of diaphragm and ext. intercostal muscles)

• dec cell resp: dec CO2 conc, inc O2 conc and pH

  • signals the heart —> dec heart rate, dec ventilation rate (by contractions of abdominla and int. intercostal muscles)

How does the medulla oblongata use barorecpetors to increase or decrease rates?

• located in the aorta (vessel leaving the LV) and carotid artery (neck)

• detect changes in the circumference of arteries (the degree that they stretch due to bp)

• high bp: signals the medulla —> decrease heart rate, stroke volume and dilates blood vessels

• low bp: signals the medulla —> increase heart rate, stroke volume and constricts blood vessels

Does the CNS or ENS control peristalsis? Where?

swallowing: CNS - voluntary motion

peristalsis (esophagus —> rectum): ENS - involuntary motion

egestion of feces: CNS - voluntary

How is the hypothalamus part of the endocrine system

• hypothalamus is in the brain CNS

• connected to the endocrine system by the pituitary gland, a gland that secretes hormones and control other endocrine glands

• allows the hypothalamus to control the endocrine system

• allows close interaction of the two systems

Explain functions fo the adrenal glands and 5 rates that it controls

• releases epinephrine/ adrenaline in response to stress (Fight of flight)

• arc: adrenaline in the blood, hitting different target cells, affecting different organs

• the secretion prepare for rigorous activity via intense muscle contraction

1. inc heart rate and bp —> faster blood flow

2. inc ventilation rate —> more O2 input

3. inc blood glucose and fatty acid conc

4. inc blood flow by

   • dilate blood vessels supplying skeletal muslces

   • while contracting other inner/ “core” blood vessels

   • so that greater proportion of blood goes to muscles

5. alert brain and other sense organs

Outline how the circadian Rhythm works in light versus dark

awake:

• light detected by photoreceptors

• stimulates the optic nerve

• stimulates the pineal gland

• dec melatonin

asleep

• no light detected by photoreceptors

• stimulates the optic nerve

• stimulates the pineal gland

• inc melatonin

Draw the graph of diurnal pattern of melatonin

describe how inc of melatonin causes sleep

1. dec body temp

2. dec brain activity

3. inc/ dec other hormones (e.g. cortisol)

interaction and interdependence requires ___.

the ___ or ___ systems coordiantes ___ ___.

interaction and interdependence requires coordination.

the nervous or endocrine systems coordiantes body systems

Outline an example of emergent properties

systems integration and emergent properties of a cheetah

1. long, strong leg bones

2. flexible spine

3. large heart and arteries

4. large lungs

5. large adrenal glands

6. camouflage fur

7. large eyes

all results in it being an effective predator (arguable)

Compare and contrast nervous and endocrine control

• Nervous system uses neurons, while endocrine system use secretory cells

• Nervous system uses electrical signals, while endocrine system uses chemical signals

• Duration of nervous system is short, but for endocrine system is sustained

• Nervous system is immediate in stimulating a response, while endocrine system is slower

List 5 functions fo the cardiovascular system

Overall: carrier materials and energy

1. hormones from glands to targets

2. chemical energy in nutriets (e.g. glucose)

3. O2 from lungs to tissues

4. waste products (e.g. CO2) from tissues to lungs

5. distribute heat energy aroudn the body

list the hierachy of subsystems

1. cell

2. tissue

3. organs

4. body systems

5. orgnaism

each level is a subsystem of the next level