Kinesiology

Lifestyle diseases

largely preventable diseases, typically due to an unhealthy lifestyle

Lifestyle diseases examples

coronary artery disease, heart disease, type 2 diabetes, chronic liver disease, osteoporosis, and some cancers

anatomical position

head and feet forward, arm's supinated

frontal plane

vertical, divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

transverse plane

horizontal, divides the body into superior and inferior parts

sagittal plane

vertical, divides body into left and right

longitudial axis

vertical, head to feet

horizontal axis

extends the left to the right side of the body

anterio-posterior axis

extends from the front to the back of the body

proximal

Closer to the point of attachment

distal

away from the point of attachment

lateral

away from the midline

medial

toward the midline

axial skeleton

consists of the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum

How many bones are in the axial skeleton?

80

appendicular skeleton

consists mainly of the bones of the limbs and the pelvis

how many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?

126

How many bones are in the human body?

206

what are the 5 types of bones?

long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid

long bones

longer than they are wide, typically found in the arms and legs

long bones examples

femur, humerus

short bones

bones of the wrist and ankles

short bones examples

carpals and tarsals

flat bones

thin and flattened bones

flat bones examples

scapula and pelvis

irregular bones

odd shaped bones

irregular bone examples

vertebrae and facial bones

sesamoid bones

round bones wrapped in tendons, found near joints

sesamoid bone example

patella

types of synovial joints

ball and socket, hinge, saddle, gliding, pivot, ellipsoid

ball and socket joint

rounded head of one bone fit in the socket of another

ball and socket joint example

shoulder and hip joints

hinge joint

joint between bones

hinge joint example

elbow and knee

saddle joint

allows grasping and rotation

saddle joint example

base of thumb

gliding joint

allows one bone to slide over another

gliding joint example

carpals and tarsals

pivot joint

allows one bone to rotate around another

pivot joint example

atlas and axis

ellipsoid joint

allow movement in 2 planes

ellipsoid joint example

metacarpophalangeal joints

types of fractures

stress, simple, compound, comminuted

stress fracture

slight crack in a bone, very hard to dectect

simple fracture

clear crack in the bone but no separation

compound fracture

bone breaks into separate pieces, sometimes breaks through skin

comminuted fracture

bone shatters into many pieces

shoulder dislocation

humerus pops out of glenoid fossa

shoulder separation

separation of the acromiocalvicular joint

tendons

attaches muscle to bone, vascular

ligaments

attaches bone to bone, avascular

concentric contraction

muscle shortens

eccentric contraction

muscle lengthens

isometric contraction

muscle does not change length

isotonic exercise

Controlled shortening and lengthening of the muscle

isometric exercise

muscle fibres maintain a constant length through contraction

isokinetic exercise

use of a machine to control the speed of contraction

muscle fibre type I

slow oxidative - generate energy slowly, are more fatigue resistant, and depend mostly on the aerobic system

muscle fibre type IIA

fast-oxidative glycolytic - intermediate type fibre, allows quick energy release, high glyoclytic capacity and depends on the anaerobic lactic system

muscle fibre type IIB

fast-glycolytic - stores lots of oxygen and high levels of enzymes, necessary for quick contraction, and depend on the anaerobic alactic system

Affernt nerves

sends information to the central nervous system (brain)

Effrent nerves

sends instructions from the brain to the skeletal muscles

Proreceptors

sensory receptors that receive stimuli from within the body, especially that respond to position and movement

anaerobic alactic system (ATP-PC)

uses ATP stored in muscles, allows quick and intense contraction, lasts for 10-90 seconds

anaerobic lactic system (glycolysis)

allows a high level of performance for 1-3 minutes, produces ATP without oxygen, has a by product of lactic acid

aerobic system (cellular respiration)

main source of energy for endurance activities, involves 3 sub pathways glycolysis, kreb's cycle, and ETC, completely breaks down glucose, begins about 90 seconds after activity starts and lasts as long as needed

atrioventricular (AV) node

transmits electrical impulses from the sinoatrial node to the ventricles to initiate contraction

sinoatrial (SA) node

specialized area of tissue in the right atrium that initiates contraction of the heart

What is an ECG?

an electrocardiogram - graphical representation of the electrical sequence in the heart during contraction

systolic blood pressure

maximum pressure during the contraction phase

diastolic blood pressure

minimum pressure during relaxation phase

motor learning

the process by which a person develops the ability to perform a task, through a combination of physical and psychological factors

cognitive stage of motor learning

a beginner gains basic understanding of how a task is performed

associative stage of motor learning

the learner begins to refine their skills and develop an awareness of the mistakes their making, leading to fewer errors

Autonomous stage of motor learning

the skill becomes automatic and the person can focus on highly refined aspects of the skill

3 basic skill groups

stability, locomotion, manipulation

skill transferability

the ability to transfer or apply skills learned in one activity to another

why is skill transferability important?

being able to transfer skills is important because it makes it easier to learn how to play or do a new sport or activity.

skills learned in sports can also be skills that are necessary for life.

Newton's First Law

law of inertia - a body at rest stays at rest and a body in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by an external force

law of inertia example

a kettle bell will stay at rest on the ground unless an external force moves it

Newton's Second Law

law of acceleration - f = m x a

law of acceleration example

as more mass is added to a blocking sled, a football player must push it with more force to move it at the same speed

Newton's Third Law

law of action-reaction - for ever action the is an equal and opposite reaction

law of action-reaction example

when a swimmer pushes off the wall at the end of a lap, the wall generates a reaction force that is equal and opposite of the force the swimmer creates

class 1 lever

the fulcrum is in between the load and the effort, provides a speed and/or force advantage

class 1 lever example

the head tilts on the axis of the neck

class 2 lever

the load is between the effort and the fulcrum

class 2 lever example

planatar flexion at the ankle joint

class 3 lever

the effort is between the load and the fulcrum

class 3 lever example

bicep curl at the elbow joint

Function of macronutrients

supply energy and build tissue

water soluble vitamins

B and C

Fat soluble vitamins

A, D, E, K

FITT principle

Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type

principle of overload

exposing the muscles, joints, and cardiovascular and respiratory systems to more work and stress than is normally experienced improves fitness

principle 1: stability

the greater the mass, the lower the centre of mass in side the base of support and, the wider the base of support the more stable the person is

stability example

a wrestlers wide, low, and centred stance makes it hard for their opponent to move or knock them down

principle 2: production of max force

all possible joints are require to produce maximum force

production of max force example

only using your ankles when jumping does not allow you to generate as much force as possible