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Flashcards focusing on the vocabulary related to chemical senses, specifically taste and smell, as outlined in the lecture.
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Chemical Senses
Systems that allow us to perceive our environment through taste, smell, and trigeminal sensations.
Gustation
The sense of taste, which distinguishes five basic taste qualities: sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami.
Olfaction
The sense of smell; involves the detection of volatile substances by olfactory receptors.
Trigeminal System
A sensory system that detects sensations such as irritation, burning, freshness, tingling through trigeminal nerve fibers, receptors on fibers of trigeminal nerve of the nasal and oral mucosa
Functions - Warning and nutrition
Taste Buds
Taste buds are located on the mucosa of the tongue (and elsewhere in the oral cavity), also papillae of the tongue ex. fungiform papillae, foliate papillae, circumvallate papillae, filiform papillae
Taste Map
Urban legends that some tastes are processed in certain areas, in reality all qualities processed everywhere
Anosmia
Complete loss of the sense of smell.
Hyposmia
Partial loss of the sense of smell.
Parosmia
A condition where odors are perceived differently than they are supposed to.
Phantosmia
The perception of smells in the absence of any odor source.
Olfactory Receptor Neurons (ORN)
Specialized neurons located in the roof portion of nasal cavity that detect odors, receptors in cilia, can regenerate from stem cells
Olfactory Code
400 different types of olfactory receptors, each ORN carries one type of receptor, each ORN can be activated by different substances, one odorant can activate multiple receptors
Olfaction Organization
Axons of all olfactory neurons carrying one type of receptor converge to one glomerulum within the olfactory bulb, processing occurs in olfactory bulb and tract
Olfactory Cortexes
Primary olfactory cortex
• Piriform cortex
• Amygdala
• Entorhinal cortex
Secondary olfactory cortex
• Orbitofrontal cortex – Involved in perception of reward
• Insula
Orthonasal and Retronasal Olfaction
Orthonasal - Within respiration, air
Retronasal - During swallowing
Sniffing causes turbulence so more molecules reach olfactory muscosa, slurping is the retronasal equivalent
Cilia
Microscopic hair-like structures on olfactory receptor neurons that detect odorants.
Cribriform Plate
A bony structure in the skull through which olfactory axons pass from the nasal cavity to the olfactory bulb.
Glomerulus
A structure in the olfactory bulb where axons from ORNs of the same type converge.
Functions of Smell
Warning, fear, nutrition, social communication
Taste Functions
Warning (bitterness), nutrition, we are relatively insensitive to sweetness and umami, ex. when deficient for electrolytes, we crave salty and acidic foods
Main causes of olfactory dysfunction
Disease of the nose or nasal mucosa, neurological diseases, unknown, and aging
Factors that influence olfaction
Age
Sex - female better than male
Education level
Smokers
Alcohol consumption - Moderate drinkers better than abstainers
BMI - Normal better than obese
Blood pressure
Fast recovery rates, can be spontaneous