Bones

Axial Skeleton

Bones along the long axis of the body: skull, hyoid, vertebral column, sternum, ribs.

Appendicular Skeleton

Bones of the appendages: shoulders, arms, hands, pelvis, legs, and feet.

Frontal Bone Cranial Bones around Brain

1 bone. Forms the forehead.

Parietal Bones Cranial Bones around Brain

2 bones. Superior skull behind the frontal bone. Superior bones posterior to frontal

Temporal Bones Cranial Bones around Brain

2 bones. Lateral skull near the ears.

Occipital Bone Cranial Bones around Brain

1 bone. Back/base of skull. Posterior bones

Sphenoid Bone Cranial Bones around Brain

Butterfly-shaped bone in the center of the skull.

Ethmoid Bone Cranial Bones around Brain

Between the eyes; behind the nasal cavity. posterior to nasal area but anterior to sphenoid

Mandible Facial bones = bones of face but NOT around brain

Lower jaw; only movable skull bone.

Maxilla Facial bones = bones of face but NOT around brain

Upper jaw.

Palatine Bone Facial bones = bones of face but NOT around brain

Posterior one-third of the hard palate.

Zygomatic Bone Facial bones = bones of face but NOT around brain

Cheek bone.

Lacrimal Bone Facial bones = bones of face but NOT around brain

Contains tear drainage groove.

Nasal Bone Facial bones = bones of face but NOT around brain

Forms bridge of nose.

Vomer Bone Facial bones = bones of face but NOT around brain

Inferior part of nasal septum. Base

Orbit

Bony cavity around eyeball, 8 bones

Hyoid Bone

U-shaped bone in the neck; supports tongue; does not articulate with other bones.

Body Typical vertebra parts

Large round part

Atlas (C1) Types of vertebrae

First cervical vertebra; ring-shaped; nod "YES."

Axis (C2) Types of vertebrae

Second cervical vertebra; has dens; shake "NO."

Dens

Tooth-like projection on C2.

Cervical Vertebrae Types of vertebrae

C1-C7;

a) Small body

b) Bifurcated small spinous process (except for C7)

c) *Key feature = Transverse foramen (holes) in transverse process

Thoracic Vertebrae Types of vertebrae

T1-T12;

a) Medium heart-shaped body

b) Long spinous process

c) *Key feature = Costal facet (smooth area) on transverse process

for rib attachments

Lumbar Vertebrae Types of vertebrae

L1-L5; largest vertebrae; support body weight.

a) Large body

b) Short thick spinous process

c) *Key feature = Transverse process also short and thick

Sacrum Types of vertebrae

5 fused vertebrae.

Coccyx Types of vertebrae

Tailbone.

Vertebral Body

Large anterior weight-bearing portion.

Spinous Process Typical vertebra parts

Posterior projection. dorsal extension

Transverse Process x 2 Typical vertebra parts

Lateral projection.

Vertebral Foramen Typical vertebra parts

Hole for spinal cord between body and spinous process

Facet Typical vertebra parts

Smooth areas where other bones meet the vertebrae

Intervertebral Disc Typical vertebra parts

Fibrocartilage cushion between vertebrae.

Sternum

Breastbone in center of chest. Note Xiphoid process (flexible inferior extension) which is a landmark for CPR

Ribs 1 – 12 (know there are 12 pairs and that superior ones are quite short)

12 pairs.

Ribs 1-10 Ribs

Connect anteriorly to sternum and posteriorly to vertebra

Floating Ribs Ribs

Ribs 11-12; no attachment to sternum.

Costal Cartilage Ribs

Where ribs 1-10 connect to sternum

Scapula The Shoulder

Shoulder blade.

Clavicle The Shoulder

Collarbone.

Humerus The Arm

Upper arm bone.

Radius The Shoulder

Thumb side of forearm.

Ulna The Shoulder

Pinky side of forearm.

Carpals=Wrist The Hand

8 cubodial bones.

Metacarpals=Palm The Hand

5 long bones.

Phalanges=Fingers The Hand

14 long bones.

1) Proximal x 5 (closest to palm)

(2) Middle x 4

(3) Distal x 5 (most distant from palm)

(All fingers have 3 phalanges except thumb which has only 2 – proximal and distal)

Thumb

Only 2 phalanges.

Pelvic Bone=Pelvis The Hip

Composed of ilium, ischium, and pubis.

(1) Ilium (large superior and lateral fanned out area)

(2) Pubis (medial and anterior area)

(3) Ischium (inferior and posterior area)

Ilium The Hip

Superior flared part.

Ischium The Hip

Sit bone.

Pubis The Hip

Anterior/medial pelvis.

Femur The Leg

Thigh bone; longest bone.

Patella The Leg

Kneecap.

Tibia The Leg

Thicker medial shin bone; weight-bearing.

Fibula The Leg

Thinner and lateral lower leg bone.

Tarsals=Ankle The Foot

7 ankle bones.

Calcaneus The Foot

Heel bone.

Talus The Foot

Articulates with tibia/fibula to form ankle. protrudes superiorly between the lateral and medial malleolus’s

Metatarsals=ball of foot= 5 bones The Foot

5 foot bones.

Phalanges=Toes=14bones The Foot

14 toe bones. (5 proximal, 4 middle, 5 distal. All toes have 3 phalanges except big toe which has only 2 – proximal and distal)

Big Toe

Only 2 phalanges.

Radius Memory Trick

Radius = Thumb side.

Fibula Memory Trick

FibuLA = LAteral.

Atlas Memory Trick

Atlas holds up the world → holds up the skull.

Axis Memory Trick

Axis lets your head rotate "NO."

Cervical Key Feature

Transverse foramina.

Thoracic Key Feature

Costal facets.

Lumbar Key Feature

Large body.

Orbit

Bony eye socket made of 8 bones.