Plasma Membrane and Transport

Integral Proteins

• transmembrane proteins integrated completely into structure

Peripheral Proteins

• proteins loosely attached to integral or phospholipids

Glycocalyx

• sugar coating in glycoproteins and glycolipids

• very hydrophilic

Unsaturated Fatty Acids Function

• create elbow room for fluidity

Phospholipid Membrane Function

• naturally form spheres with hydrophilic heads at exterior

Concentration Gradient

• difference in concentration of solutes from high to low

Diffusion

• passive process where single substance moves with substance

Aquaporins

• channel proteins with hydrophilic domains to hydrate channels for polar molecules

Gated Channels

• membrane proteins requiring binding for entry

Facilitated Transport

• membrane proteins aid in diffusion

• for polar and charged molecules repelled by hydrophobic parts of membrane

Channel Proteins

• integral proteins creating passageways

Carrier Proteins

• membrane proteins binding to substance to trigger to change shape, moving substance into cell with gradient

Osmosis

• diffusion of water across semipermeable membrane to balance water concentrations

Tonicity

• how a solution can change cell volume by osmosis

Osmolarity

• total solute concentration

Hypertonic Solution

• high concentration osmolarity and low water surrounding cells

Hypotonic Solution

• low osmolarity and water concentration of solution surrounding cells

Cytolysis

• bursting of cells in hypotonic solution

Plasmolysis

• cell shrinkage due to hypertonic solution

Isotonic Solution

• balance of solute and water concentration

Electrochemical Gradients

• difference in charge concentrations in interior in exterior

Electrogenic Pump

• pump creates charge imbalance

Primary Active Transport

• moves ions against their concentration gradients using ATP

Secondary Active Transport

• moves ions against their concentration gradients using energy of primary active transport

Endocytosis

• moves particles like large molecules, cells, and organelles into cell

Phagocytosis

• engulfment of particles via invagination

Clathrin

• protein coats that allows plasma membrane to stretch during engulfment

Endosome

• membrane-bound compartment of materials engulfed

Pinocytosis

• cells taking in particles from the extracellular fluid

Potocytosis

• receptor-mediated pinocytosis moving materials across cell

Caveolin

• coating protein in potocytosis to create caveolae

Transcytosis

• process of materials across cell, both in then out

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

• targeted specified binding for certain substances via receptor interactions

Exocytosis

• expelling materials via fusion of envelopes of materials and cells

Antiporter

• two different ions/molecules in opposing directions

Uniporter

• carries 1 specific ion/molecule

Symporter

• carries 2 different ions/molecules in same direction

Amphiphilic

• has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions

Invagination

• process where plasma membrane folds inwards to take in materials