Theodore Roosevelt and the Panama Canal

Thorstein Veblen

Author who attacked the 'new rich' in his book The Theory of the Leisure Class.

Theodore Dreiser

Author who criticized promoters and profiteers in his books The Financier and The Titan.

Hiram W. Johnson

Governor of California who broke the grip of the Southern Pacific Railroad on California politics.

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)

Radical labor union that aimed to unify American workers in one big union, regardless of their job, gender, or race.

Theodore Roosevelt

Energetic president who championed military/naval preparedness and had a strong belief in American power. Known for the quote 'Speak softly and carry a big stick, and you will go far.' Disregarded checks and balances and had little respect for the three branches of government.

The Great White Fleet

Fleet of ships sent by Theodore Roosevelt on a world tour. It received enthusiastic welcomes in Latin America, Hawaii, and Oceania.

End of Age of Empire

Refers to the handover of Hong Kong to China in 1997 and Macao in 1999.

IMAGE (Herbet Carpenter)

Image of a prominent New York socialite marching in a parade for women's suffrage on Manhattan's 5th Ave.

Ida M. Tarbell

Author who exposed the Standard Oil Company in her writings.

Ray Stannard Baker

Author who spotlighted the subjugation of blacks in his book Following the Color Line.

Galveston, Texas

City that appointed expert-staffed progressive commissions to manage urban affairs.

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory

Factory in New York City where a fire caused the deaths of 146 women due to locked doors and other fire code violations.

Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)

Organization led by women that advocated for temperance and influenced the passage of 'dry' laws in some regions.

McKinley's Death

Assassination of President McKinley by a deranged anarchist in 1901, leading to Theodore Roosevelt assuming the presidency.

Oregon

Battleship on the Pacific Coast during the outbreak of the Spanish-American War in 1898. It took weeks for the ship to steam around South America to join the US fleet in Cuban waters.

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty

1850 treaty between the US and Britain that prevented the US from securing exclusive control over an isthmian route.

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty

1901 treaty between the US and Britain that allowed the US to build the Panama Canal and declare the right to fortify it.

Panama Canal

Canal connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The route was decided in 1902, and it was completed in 1914 at a cost of $400 million. The US bought the land for the canal from Panama after an offer to buy it from Colombia was rejected.

Bunau-Varilla

Individual who helped incite rebellion in Panama in 1903 and later became a Panamanian minister. He signed the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty in Washington, which confirmed the US's control over the Panama Canal Zone.

Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty

Treaty signed by the US and Panama in 1903. It confirmed the US's control over the Panama Canal Zone and widened the zone from 6 to 10 miles.

Colonel William C. Gorgas

Colonel who exterminated yellow fever in Havana and made the Canal Zone safe from disease.

Colonel George Washington Goethels

Colonel who bought the Panama Canal project in 1914 before World War I.

Roosevelt Corollary

Policy stating that the US would intervene in Latin America to prevent European intervention and to pay off their debts. This policy turned the Caribbean into a 'Yankee Lake'.

Outbreak of Russia-Japan Conflict

Conflict between Russia and Japan over control of China's Manchuria and Port Arthur. Japan secretly asked the US to negotiate peace, and Theodore Roosevelt received the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts.

Yellow Peril

Term used by white Californians to describe their fear of being overwhelmed by Japanese immigrants.

Gentlemen's Agreement

Agreement between the US and Japan in which Japan agreed to stop the flow of laborers to the American mainland by withholding passports.

Root-Takahira Agreement

Agreement between Japan and the US in which both countries agreed to respect each other's territorial possessions in the Pacific and uphold the Open Door policy in China.

Ho Chi Minh

Leader who secured Vietnam's independence by defeating the French and later the Americans. He unsuccessfully petitioned for Vietnam's independence at the Versailles peace conference after World War I.

William Appleman Williams & VI Lenin's Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism

Book that argues that political and military expansion abroad is driven by economic expansion at home.

IMAGE (Bound for Guadalcanal)

Image of troops heading to the Solomon Islands in the Pacific during World War II to fight Japanese and German aggression.

Progressive Crusaders

Advocates of using government as an agency of human welfare and strengthening the state.

Henry Demarest Lloyd

Author who criticized the Standard Oil Company in his book Wealth Against Commonwealth.

Jacob A. Riis

Reporter who shocked middle-class Americans with his book How the Other Half Lives, which described the slums of New York.

Social Gospel

Movement that advocated for Christian-inspired progressivism to improve living conditions for the urban poor.

Popular magazines

Magazines such as McClure's, Cosmopolitan, Collier's, and Everybody's that published investigative articles and exposed corruption.

Muckrakers

Journalists who dug deep for dirt and exposed corruption and abuses in society.

Lincoln Steffens

Author of The Shame of the Cities, which exposed the corrupt alliance between big business and municipal government.

David G. Phillips

Author who published a series in Cosmopolitan called The Treason of the Senate, which accused senators of representing railroads and trusts instead of the people.

John Spargo

Author who spotlighted abuses of child labor in his book The Bitter Cry of the Children.

Dr. Harvey W Wiley

Chief chemist of the Department of Agriculture who performed experiments on himself to expose the dangers of certain food additives.

Objectives of Progressives

1) To use state power to control trusts; 2) To improve the common person's conditions of life and labor.

Australian Ballot

Secret ballot used to counteract boss rule and ensure fair elections.

Karl Marx

Philosopher who developed Marxism, which asserts that historical progress occurs through class conflict and envisions resolution through a proletarian uprising against the bourgeoisie for a classless society.

Governor Robert ('Fighting Bob') La Follette

Progressive Republican leader who took control from corrupt corporations in Wisconsin and returned it to the people. He also regulated public utilities.

Women's Club Movement

Movement that provided middle-class women with a broader civic entryway.

National Consumers League and Women's Trade Union League

Advocacy groups that defended women's rights and improved working conditions. They also included the Children's Bureau and Women's Bureau in the Department of Labor.

Florence Kelley

State of Illinois's first chief factory inspector and advocate for improved factory conditions. She took control of the National Consumers League.

Muller v. Oregon

Supreme Court case in which Louis D. Brandeis presented evidence of the harmful effects of factory labor on women's weaker bodies, leading to the acceptance of laws protecting women workers.

Lochner v. New York

Supreme Court case in which the court voided a New York law establishing a ten-hour workday for bakers.