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membrane bound ribosomes are translated on the
rough ER
free ribosomes are translated in the
cytosol
sorting signal
specific amino acid sequences that direct proteins from the site of translation to a final destination
nuclear pores
passage of proteins into nucleus; allows for movement of small molecules by diffusion, but requires selective active transport of large molecules in and out of nuclear membrane
nuclear localization signal (NLS)
bound by a nuclear import receptor protein in the cytosol and is carried through nuclear pore where it is then released; requires energy from GTP
translocator
transports across organelle membranes, translated and folded in cytosol by chaperone protein.
mitochondrial import signal
binds to mitochondrial import receptor embedded in outer mitochondrial membrane
chaperone protein
assists in refolding, removes signal sequences
translation begins…
in the cytosol
signal recognition particle (SRP)
binds to emerging ER sequence signal during cytosolic translation and stalls reaction, then binds to SRP receptor, then is released and translation continues
endomembrane system
a group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that work together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins
exocytosis
secretory pathway
endocytosis
endocytic pathway
constitutive secretions
always on (ex. NA+ channels)
regulated secretion
sometimes on (ex. neurotransmitters)
receptor-mediated endocytosis
selective uptake
endosomes
sort endocytosed material
lysosomes
digest endocytosed materials
