Periodization!!!

The Song Dynasty in China utilized Confucianism and imperial bureaucracy to maintain its rule.

Postclassical Period (1200-1450)

Chinese cultural traditions continued and influenced Japan and Korea.

Postclassical Period (1200-1450)

Song China became increasingly commercialized while depending on free peasant and artisan labor.

Postclassical Period (1200-1450)

Song China flourished due to increased production, expanded trade, and transportation innovations.

Postclassical Period (1200-1450)

Judaism continued to shape societies in the Middle East and Europe.

Postclassical Period (1200-1450)

Christianity continued to shape societies in the Middle East, Europe, and Africa.

Postclassical Period (1200-1450)

Islam continued to shape societies in the Middle East, Europe, Africa, and Asia.

Postclassical Period (1200-1450)

The Abbasid caliphate fragmented and new Islamic states like the Seljuk Empire emerged, dominated by Turkic peoples.

Postclassical Period (1200-1450)

Muslim rule continued to expand in Afro-Eurasia due to military expansion, merchant activity, missionaries, and Sufis.

Postclassical Period (1200-1450)

Muslim states encouraged advances in mathematics, literature, and medicine, and Muslim scholars preserved and commented on Greek philosophy.

Postclassical Period (1200-1450)

Hinduism continued to shape societies in South and Southeast Asia

Postclassical Period (1200-1450)

Buddhism continued to shape societies in South and Southeast Asia.

Postclassical Period (1200-1450)

New Hindu and Buddhist states emerged in Southeast Asia.

Postclassical Period (1200-1450)

New states such as Cahokia developed in the Americas.

Postclassical Period (1200-1450)

Maya civilization was organized into a fragmented political system of city-states.

Postclassical Period (1200-1450)

The Aztec (Mexica) Empire used religion as a source of legitimacy to rule conquered peoples.

Postclassical Period (1200-1450)

The Inca Empire utilized imperial bureaucracy and required labor to maintain its rule.

Postclassical Period (1200-1450)

New states such as the Hausa kingdoms emerged in Africa.

Postclassical Period (1200-1450)

Islam expanded in West Africa and Timbuktu became a center of Islamic scholarship.

Postclassical Period (1200-1450)

The Byzantine Empire was predominantly Eastern Orthodox while western Europe was predominantly Catholic

Postclassical Period (1200-1450)

Europe was politically fragmented and characterized by decentralized monarchies, feudalism, and the manorial system.

Postclassical Period (1200-1450)

Europe was largely an agricultural society dependent on free and coerced labor, including serfdom.

Postclassical Period (1200-1450)

Improved commercial practices led to an increased volume of trade on routes like the Silk Roads, which promoted the growth of powerful new trading cities and states

Postclassical Period (1200-1450)

Innovations in transportation, new forms of credit, and development of money economies increased the trade in luxury goods on the Silk Roads, Indian Ocean, and Trans-Saharan trade routes.

Postclassical Period (1200-1450)

Demand for luxury goods increased, which caused Chinese, Persian, and Indian artisans to expand production of textiles and porcelains.

Postclassical Period (1200-1450)

Some empires collapsed and the Mongol khanates replaced them

Postclassical Period (1200-1450)

Expansion of empires like the Mongol khanates and Mali facilitated Afro-Eurasian trade and communication

Postclassical Period (1200-1450)

Contacts and conflicts between empires encouraged technological and cultural transfers.

Postclassical Period (1200-1450)

The Indian Ocean trading network fostered the growth of states

Postclassical Period (1200-1450)

Merchants set up diasporic communities along important trade routes, introducing new cultural traditions and being influenced by indigenous cultures.

Postclassical Period (1200-1450)

Ming Admiral Zheng He led Chinese maritime expeditions.

Postclassical Period (1200-1450)

New environmental knowledge, like advanced knowledge of monsoon winds, led to expansion of long-distance trade routes

Postclassical Period (1200-1450)

Travelers wrote about their travels in Afro-Eurasia.

Postclassical Period (1200-1450)

Crops and diseases diffused along trade routes.

Postclassical Period (1200-1450)

Imperial expansion relied on the increased use of gunpowder, cannons, and armed trade.

Early Modern Period (1450-1750)

Land empires expanded, including the Manchu (Qing), the Mughal Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and the Safavid Empire.

Early Modern Period (1450-1750)

Political and religious disputes led to rivalries between empires such as the Safavid-Mughal conflict.

Early Modern Period (1450-1750)

Rulers such as the Ottomans recruited bureaucratic elites and developed military professionals to maintain centralized control

Early Modern Period (1450-1750)

Rulers such as the Qing continued to use religious ideas, art, and monumental architecture to legitimize their rule.

Early Modern Period (1450-1750)

Rulers such as the Ming used tribute collection and innovative tax-collection systems to generate revenue.

Early Modern Period (1450-1750)

The Protestant Reformation marked a break with existing Christian traditions.

Early Modern Period (1450-1750)

Political rivalries between the Ottoman and Safavid empires intensified the split within Islam between Sunni and Shi’a.

Early Modern Period (1450-1750)

Sikhism developed in India as a blend of Hinduism and Islam.

Early Modern Period (1450-1750)

Scientific knowledge and technology from the Classical, Islamic, and Asian worlds spread and facilitated European technological innovations allowing for more trans-oceanic travel.

Early Modern Period (1450-1750)

Western European states such as Spain sponsored transoceanic maritime exploration, looking for alternative routes to Asia.

Early Modern Period (1450-1750)

Western European states including the Spanish, Portuguese, British, French, and Dutch established new maritime empires in the Americas.

Early Modern Period (1450-1750)

The new connections between the Eastern and Western hemispheres resulted in the Columbian Exchange

Early Modern Period (1450-1750)

European colonization of the Americas led to the transfer of diseases, substantially reduced indigenous populations.

Early Modern Period (1450-1750)

Cash crops were grown on plantations in the Americas with coerced labor and were exported to Europe and the Middle East.

Early Modern Period (1450-1750)

American foods became staple crops in Afro-Eurasia, nutritionally benefitting populations there.

Early Modern Period (1450-1750)

Afro-Eurasian fruit trees, grains, sugar, and domesticated animals were brought by Europeans to the Americas, and enslaved Africans brought other foods.

Early Modern Period (1450-1750)

Western European states including the Spanish, Portuguese, British, French, and Dutch established new trading-post empires in Asia and Africa.

Early Modern Period (1450-1750)

Spain colonized the Philippines.

Early Modern Period (1450-1750)

Some Asian states adopted restrictive or isolationist trade policies in response to new European participation in long-distance trade networks.

Early Modern Period (1450-1750)

Existing trade networks in the Indian Ocean continued to flourish despite disruption due to the arrival of Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch merchants.

Early Modern Period (1450-1750)

New colonial economies in the Americas depended on agriculture and utilized coerced labor.

Early Modern Period (1450-1750)

Slavery in Africa continued in its traditional forms, incorporating enslaved people into households and exporting them to the Mediterranean and Indian Ocean regions.

Early Modern Period (1450-1750)

Plantation economies in the Americas increased the demand for slave labor, leading to the Trans- Atlantic slave trade.

Early Modern Period (1450-1750)

European rulers used mercantilism to expand and control their economies and claim overseas territories.

Early Modern Period (1450-1750)

European rulers and merchants started joint-stock companies to finance exploration and compete against one another in global trade.

Early Modern Period (1450-1750)

Spanish rulers used silver from their American colonies to purchase Asian goods and satisfy China’s demand for silver.

Early Modern Period (1450-1750)

The Little Ice Age led to economic changes.

Early Modern Period (1450-1750)

Peasant and artisan labor intensified, such as in China’s silk industry, India’s cotton industry, and Europe’s wool and linen industries.

Early Modern Period (1450-1750)

The trans-Atlantic slave trade led to demographic changes in Africa, causing changes in gender roles and family structures.

Early Modern Period (1450-1750)

State expansion and centralization led to resistance such as the Pueblo Revolt in Spanish America.

Early Modern Period (1450-1750)

Slave resistance challenged existing authorities in the Americas.

Early Modern Period (1450-1750)

Imperial conquests created new political and economic elites, such as the Manchu in Qing China and the Spanish casta system in the Americas.

Early Modern Period (1450-1750)

Existing political and economic elites such as European nobility lost power to increasingly powerful monarchs and leaders.

Early Modern Period (1450-1750)

The Atlantic trading system led to the mixing of African, American, and European cultures and peoples.

Early Modern Period (1450-1750)

Interactions between newly connected hemispheres led to the creation of new syncretic religions.

Early Modern Period (1450-1750)

The expansion of maritime trading networks fostered the growth of states in Africa, including the Asante and the Kingdom of the Kongo.

Early Modern Period (1450-1750)

Some states such as the Mughal and Ottoman empires accommodated the ethnic and religious diversity of their subjects.

Early Modern Period (1450-1750)

Some states such as Spain and Qing China suppressed diversity or limited particular groups’ roles in society.

Early Modern Period (1450-1750)

Enlightenment philosophers developed new ideas about the role of religion, natural rights, popular sovereignty, and the social contract.

Modern Period (1750-1900)

Enlightenment ideas often preceded revolutions and rebellions against existing governments, leading to the establishment of new nation-states around the world.

Modern Period (1750-1900)

The American Revolution established the United States of America and inspired the French Revolution, the Haitian Revolution, and the Latin American independence movements.

Modern Period (1750-1900)

Enlightenment ideas and religious ideals influenced reform movements leading to expanded suffrage, the abolition of slavery, and the end of serfdom.

Modern Period (1750-1900)

Governments harnessed nationalism – a sense of commonality based on language, religion, social customs, and territory – to foster a sense of unity.

Modern Period (1750-1900)

Discontent with monarchist and imperial rule encouraged the development of democracy and 19th-century liberalism.

Modern Period (1750-1900)

Early feminists challenged political and gender hierarchies.

Modern Period (1750-1900)

The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain and spread to western Europe, the United States, and Japan.

Modern Period (1750-1900)

The factory system concentrated production in a single location and led to more specialization in labor.

Modern Period (1750-1900)

Machines like steam engines and the internal combustion engine made it possible to use fossil fuels like coal and oil

Modern Period (1750-1900)

The “second industrial revolution” led to new methods in the production of steel, chemicals, and electricity.

Modern Period (1750-1900)

Railroads, steamships, and the telegraph made exploration and development easier, which led to increased trade and migration.

Modern Period (1750-1900)

Industrial capitalism increased living standards for some and improvement in manufacturing methods increased the affordability of consumer goods.

Modern Period (1750-1900)

New social classes like the middle class and industrial working class developed

Modern Period (1750-1900)

Working-class women and children increasingly worked for wages outside the home and middle-class women were limited to household labor.

Modern Period (1750-1900)

Workers organized labor unions in industrialized states to improve working conditions, limit hours, and gain higher wages.

Modern Period (1750-1900)

Western European countries started abandoning mercantilism and adopting free trade policies due to the influence of Adam Smith’s ideas about laissez-faire capitalism.

Modern Period (1750-1900)

Thinkers including Karl Marx proposed alternatives to capitalism like socialism and communism.

Modern Period (1750-1900)

Urbanization led to pollution, poverty, increased crime, public health crises, housing shortages, and insufficient infrastructure.

Modern Period (1750-1900)

Social and economic changes caused by industrial capitalism led many organizations to attempt political, social, educational, and urban reforms.

Modern Period (1750-1900)

Some states promoted state-sponsored industrialization.

Modern Period (1750-1900)

Expansion of U.S. and European influence in Japan led to the Meiji Restoration.

Modern Period (1750-1900)

Reformers in the Ottoman Empire and Qing China sought to modernize their economies and militaries.

Modern Period (1750-1900)

Steam-powered industrial production in European countries and the U.S. increased their share in the global balance of power. Middle Eastern and Asian countries’ share in the global balance of power declined.

Modern Period (1750-1900)

Social Darwinism, nationalism, the idea of the civilizing mission, and the desire to religiously convert indigenous populations were all used to justify imperialism.

Modern Period (1750-1900)

Some states with existing colonies assumed direct control over colonies previously held by non-state entities.

Modern Period (1750-1900)

Some European states as well as the United States and Japan acquired territories throughout Asia and the Pacific, while Spanish and Portuguese influence declined.

Modern Period (1750-1900)