Unit 1 Review Anatomy

anatomy

study of the STRUCTURE of body parts

micro-anatomy

cellular level

macro-anatomy

large body structures (organ level)

physiology

study of how body parts FUNCTION to maintain life

pathology

study of diseases and disorders

axial part

main axis of body (head, trunk, neck)

appendicular part

appendages (arms, legs)

anatomical position

body erect with feet together and palms facing out

superior

toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above

inferior

away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below

anterior

toward or at the front of the body; in front of

posterior

toward or at the backside of the body; behind

medial

toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of

lateral

away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of

intermediate

between a more medial and a more lateral structure

proximal

close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

distal

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

superficial

toward or at the body surface

deep

away from the body surface; more internal

sagittal plane

divides body into right and left sides

median (related to sagittal)

2 equal halves

parasagittal

offset from median

frontal plane

divides body into anterior and posterior

transverse plane

divides body into superior and inferior parts

thoracic

body cavity that contains pleural (lungs) and mediastinum (heart)

abdominal

body cavity that includes all digestive organs

pelvic

body cavity that contains reproductive and excretory organs

cranial

body cavity that holds the brain

spinal

body cavity that is the location of the spinal cord

umbilical region

medial, surrounds navel

epigastric region

superior to umbilical region

hypogastric region

inferior to umbilical region

right and left iliac region

lateral to the hypogastric region

right and left lumbar region

lateral to the umbilical region

right and left hypochondriac region

lateral to the epigastric region

homeostasis

the ability for the body to maintain stable conditions in a changing environment

how does the body communicate during homeostasis?

through the nervous & endocrine systems & feedback loops

afferent pathway

receptor senses info in environment & sends info to control center using this

control center's role during feedback loop

analyzes info and determines response

efferent pathway

effector sends information from control center to part of the body responsible for response

negative feedback

stimulus is decreased OR stopped; causes the body to return to "normal" state

what kind of feedback loops are most homeostatic mechanisms?

negative feedback

examples of negative feedback

regulating body temperature & regulating blood sugar

positive feedback

stimulus is increased and proceeds further from original point until goal is accomplished; uncommon in daily maintenance

examples of positive feedback

blood clotting & childbirth

homeostatic imbalance

can result in a pathology; aging decreases efficiency of body systems thus homeostasis is more difficult to maintain

body tissues

group of cells with similar structure and function

4 types of tissues

epithelium, connective, nervous, and muscle

epithelial tissue locations

body coverings, body linings, glands

epithelial tissue functions

protection, absorption, filtration, secretion

epithelial tissue characteristics

cells fit closely together, avascular, regenerate easily

simple epithelial cells

one layer

stratified epithelial cells

more than one layer

squamous epithelial cells

flattened

cuboidal epithelial cells

cube-shaped

columnar epithelial cells

column-like

muscle tissue function

movement

muscle tissue types

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

nervous tissue composition

neurons & neuroglia (nerve support cells)

connective tissue abundance most; found everywhere in body

connective tissue functions

binds body, support, protection

connective tissue characteristics

blood supply varies depending on type and all types have extracellular matrix

extracellular matrix

non-living material surrounding living cells

osseous tissue (bone)

protects and supports body

hyaline cartilage

composed of collagen fibers and contains a rubbery extracellular matrix

examples of hyaline cartilage

fetal skeleton and part of synovial joints

elastic cartilage

softer than hyaline cartilage

examples of elastic cartilage

supports the external ear

dense connective tissue

extracellularmatrix is collagen fibers

examples of dense connective tissue

tendons and ligaments

adipose tissue (fat)

functions to insulate body, protects inner organs and store energy

blood

cells surrounded by fluid extracellularmatrix (plasma)

overview of circulatory system

uses blood to transport materials throughout body

overview of integumentary system

external body covering; it's damaged when you fall and scrape your knee

overview of nervous system

includes your brain and spinal cord which control all body functions

overview of skeletal system

protects and supports the body organs; provides a framework for muscular action

overview of muscular system

generates heat and provides movement through contractions

overview of digestive system

breaks down ingested food into absorbable units

overview of endocrine system

composed of glands that secrete hormones

overview of immune system

contains cells that protect the body from disease-causing pathogens

overview of reproductive system

necessary for childbearing

overview of respiratory system

loads oxygen into the blood and rids the body of carbon dioxide

overview of urinary system

rids the body of nitrogenous wastes

organ examples of circulatory system

arteries, veins, heart

organ examples of integumentary system

epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous layer

organ examples of nervous system

brain, spine, nerves

organ examples of skeletal system

bones, cartilage, ligaments

organ examples of muscular system

quadricep, masseter, deltoid

organ examples of digestive system

stomach, small intestine, gall bladder

organ examples of endocrine system

thyroid, pancreas, adrenal glands

organ examples of immune system

lymph nodes, white blood cells

organ examples of reproductive system

uterus, ovaries, vagina:

organ examples of respiratory system

trachea, bronchi, alveoli

organ examples of urinary system

kidneys, ureters, bladder

autograft

tissues transplanted from one body site to another in the SAME person

isograft

grafts donated by a genetically identical person

allograft

transplant between 2 humans, not genetically identical

xenograft

grafts taken from another animal species

regenerative medicine

creating organ/tissue using artificial matrix and stem cells

living donors

organs donated from a living person ex: bone marrow, kidney, liver