Viruses, Bacterias etc - Unit 4 Biology

Bio 11- Ms. Charlton

description of test

40 marks

18 questions

ALL WRITTEN

topics

1) virus structure what they are made from

2) tell her abt virus and draw it label

3) how they replicate and make copies (2 cycles down

lytic and lysogenic

(given diagram,label,or questioning regarding the cycle parts

4) prions (1 question:what they are (mis folded protein, vampire example,how they replicate,bumping into normal proteins)

(no need memorize types virus or diseases)

5) immunity: what body have to fight off pathogens - passive/ active immunity

6)how vaccines work (ques)

7)lines of defense AND (1st skin,2nd

SPECIFIC (T/BCELLS) VS NONSPECFIIC

8) BACTERIA: structure (Projaryotes) unique features

know bacteria,peptidoglycan

9) how do bacteria get neutriends the type, auto,decomposes,hetero umm

metabolism^
10)Falcultatigr anaerobes, obligated anaerobes

11) reproduction,why dangerous in us?

12) roles in ecosystem, nutrient cycling,N2 fixation

13) gram stating, different colours bc of different material of cell wall

14) Endotoxin/exotoxin

There are 3 main types of virus
what does ti mean?

1. animals

2. plants

3. bacteriophage

• it means each type of virus is specific and will attack certain type of cell

virus are non () and made of ()

cellular . genetic material (dna/rna) and protein (codes)

virus survive by () that why they are called parasites

invading other living cells (host) and reproducing through them

Different between VIRUS and cells (living)

VIRUS: (non living)
CONTAIN GENETIC MATERIAL SMALL AMT.

1. NON cellular

2. Do not grow

3. do not respire

4. do not respond to stimuli (host by chance→no choose)

5. no movement]

6. need host to reproduce and survive

7. no metabolism (use of energy)

Living-like characteristics

:

1. genetic material (rna/dna)

2. evolve

3. reproduce

4. mutate

5. proteins
   

VIRUS come in all size and shape

can have tail, rod shape, cube,heliale
20-400 Nanometre

VIRUS BASIC STRUCTURES (MUST HAVES)*

CORE: dna/rna AKA NUCLEIC ACID →Genetic code for making new virus
Capside(coat): made of protein surrounds core

SOME ALSO HAVE
envelope: layer of stolen cell membrane around coat/capsid
tail

BACTERIOPHAGE (bacteria virus) made of ..
DRAW AND LABEL

core, capside, tail
TAIL: consist of 3 parts

1 . Collar: holds capsid to tail
2. base plate: holds to tail to the fibers
3. tail fibre: catch and attach phage (virus) to bacterial cell wall

tobacco mosaic virus (rna) is the first

virus to be isolated by humans damages crop

1. one virus cant attack both plant and animals cell bc

2. use the _and _ to think of cells and virus

1. virus only built to attack 1 type of cell

2. lock (cell) and key virus. only the right key can open the right lock

   1. proteins of virus can only recognize and attach to their specialized

many variants of influenza bc it…

mutates ex. corona virus is a strain of influeza

HOW DOES retrovirus differ from other viruses? give example

retrovirus (ex. HIV human immuno-defficiency virus that ONLY kills WBC) can recerse transcribe rna into DNA.

Virus only get around from cell to cell by

WIND, WATER,FOOD , BODY FLUID contact.

therefore technically not moving

Virus reproduce through host cell by

using its cellular machinary (ENZYMES +RIBOSOMES) to create vral dna and rpoteins

viruses undergo 2 types of life cycles

1. lytic

2. lysogenic

BOTH LYTIC/LYSOGENIC begins when

when virus recognizes receptor sites on cell membrane and attaches (lock and key)

and has infected the cell through the 2 ways

cell infected by virus through either 1. or 2 . method

1. trickery (animal cells)

   1. it makes cells think the virus is a part of them

2. Injection (plant/bacteria cells)

   1. only dna/rna of virus injected into cell

lysogenic cycle ( dorment) enters lytic cycle bc of (4 reasons)

1. stress (emotional) ex. chickenpox→shingles

2. temp. change (physical)

3. Starvation

4. radiation

prophage define.
is prophage harmful?

viral dna is inserted into hoste’s genome. they cut the host’s dna and glue their own into a part of it.

harmful when it is active, →shifts to lytic cycle
when prophage active, the viral nucleic acid removes itself from host dna and directs synthesis of new virus infecition.
not harmful when dormant, bc all its doing is its viral nucleic acid is multiplyng as cell do

lysogenic panel by panel of BACTERIOPHAGE

1. virus finds host by chance and attach to cell

   1. label: bacteriophage, host cell, host dna

2. Viral nucleuic acid inserted into host cell’s dna (rna or dna)

   1. label: viral nucleic acid (dna/rna)

3. label: prophage- remainpart of host’s dna until environment triggers it to enter lytic phase.

4. inbetween:mitosis

5. viral rna multiplies as host cell multiplies THROUGH MITOSIS. the daughter cells now all have the viral dna from og cell

Lytic cycle

1. finds host by chance. attach itself to cell

2. injects viral dna into cell

3. viral dna uses ribosomes +enzymes (cellular machinary) to make thousand copies of parts of viruses

4. bew viruses assembled , reproduces until

5. cell lysis (cell bursts) virus released into environment and cell dies as membrane broken

Immunity - Pathogens

an organisms that causes diseases

1. virus

2. bacteria

3. fungi

4. protist

how are pathogens transmitted

air, food, water,insects, physical/sexual contact

Immune system is our —against—

defense mechanism

disease causign microoganisms

we can be immune 2 ways

1. active immunity

2. passive immunity

Active immunity

• immunity from body produce antibodies after an invasion of pathogen

  • memory cells help remember the pathogen and the antibody for it

• perminant

Passive immunity

• Aqquired immunity from receiving antibodies from elsewhere

  • natural ex. mom through milk or artificial injection

• temporary

vaccination how does it work?

immunisation through deliberate exposure to pathogen for your body to produce memory cells that make antibodies.
due to this→future encounter, body willl respond much faster and effectibely

to prevent illness from vaccine→ pathogen is killed/weakened (inactive) or a similar safe variant is used in vaccine

Lines of defenses

1. barriers (non specific)

2. WBC -all phagocytes (non specific)

3. lymphocytes identifies.. (specfic response)

1st line of defense (non spec and guards against all)

skin,nose,mouth.

• skin:barrier

• nose: cilia/mucus sweep out pathogens

• mouth:ingested into stomache with digestic enzymes and acid kills

• alsoo! sweat/saliva/tears /mucus all have enzymes to break down bacterial cell wall

2nd line of defense (non specific)

WBC are first immune system responders

• phagocytes (wbc that kill and engulf)

  • macrophages/neutrophils

  • if unsucessful. other wbc initiate fever and innflamtion.

    • increase production of wbc and slows/stops bacterial reproduction

      bc theyre heat sensitive!!

3rd line of defense (specific response to identified pathogens)

involves Lymphocytes (b,killer t cells ←wbc)
- they coordinate specific response to diff pathogens

• INCLUDING ANTIBODY PRODUCTIONSS

phagocytes vs lymphocytes

1. phagocytes

   1. most common

   2. eat and kill anypathogens

   3. nonspecific +2nd line defense

   4. always working

2. Lymphocytes

   1. B CELLS

      1. become memory cells

      2. remember virus encountered before

      3. make antibodies

   2. T cell (killer T cells)

      1. kill infected cells

      2. activate b cells

Prion diseases. theyre spread usually from

proteins capable of replication and cause infections. spread ususally from eating contaminated meat.

prions are produced by

mutations in gene coding in normal cell protein PrP
proteins depend on their shape. different mutations cause diff diseases of prions

Prions infect through

bumping into a healthy protein, binding to it bc of their irregular shape ad convert the regular to irregular shape.
ex. VAMPIRES

prions are special/different than other diseases bc

they only are protein, no genetic material

what are 3 medical procedures that spread prion disease

1. organ transplant, growth hormon injections,sugury (surgical instruments)

Bacteria INGDOM
(kingdom monera*→ EUBACTERIA + ARCHAEABACTERIA KINGDOM)

they are separated into separate kingdom bc of their differences in cell wall structure and biochemistry

BACTERIA characteristics
ALL PROKARYOTES ARE BACTERIA AND ALL BACTERIA ARE PROKARYOTES

1. no membrane bound organelles

   1. no golgi, er, mitchondria,

2. UNICELLULAR

3. hetero/autotrophs

4. asexual repro. (limited sexual reproduction)

5. covered with PEPTIDOGLYCAN (CELL WALL MATERIAL)

general prokaryote structure

bacteria way smaller than eukaryotic cells bc not many organelles.

• have many shapes

  • (bacillus) rod, coccus (circle) curved (spirillum)
    

interior structure of bacteria/prokaryotes

1. peptido glycan (cell wall)

2. capsule

3. CHROMOSOMES DNA (free floating)

4. flagellum for movement (not all have)

**3 differences between prokayotes and eukaryotes

Prokaryotes

1. Free floating Dna

2. Cell wall:peptidoglycan

3. Nomembrane bound organelles

Eukaryotes

1. Dna in nucleus

2. Cell wall plants: Celllulose- Fungi:Chitin

3. Membrane bound organelles

   1. golgi, er, mitochondria

what did biologists use to distinguish 2 kingdom of bacteria?

their environments.
Eubacteria kingdom- everywhere

Archaeabacteria

• only found in extreme habitats

• their dna sequence closer to eukaryotes than bacteria

What characteristics of prokayrotes allow them to adapt to so many diff types of environemnts.

1. reproduce quickly

   1. results: many generations in 30 min

   2. therefore: mutates more

2. Evolutionarily old

   1. more time to adapt

3. Ability to change. methods of energy capture or release

Bacteria (mainly kingdom archaea) undeergo cellular respiration/fermentation

distinguish between 1) obligate aerobes 2) obligate anaerobes 3) facultative anaerobes whicha re their METABOLISM

1. require oxygen

2. require no oxygen

3. survive underboth environment

1. oblogate aerobes (metabolism)

release/capture energy through cellular respiration live in oxygenrich environment

02 is more efficient in producing energy

2. obligate anaerobes(metabolism)

use fermentation method of release/capture energy

live in oxygen lackin environments

3. Facultative anaerobes(metabolism)

use cellular respiration or fermentation

oxygen rich or non environment

roles of bacterias in ecosystems

1. nitrogen fixer

   1. Convert N2 in atmosphere to useful forms for organisms into in froms ofsoil

   2. no3 and nh4

2. decomposers (nutrient flow)

   1. break down and recycle dead’s matter back into ecosystem

      1. return nutrients back into soil and help plants grow in better condition

3. producers

   1. through photosynthesis, make chemical energy and , they are food source for many

Nutritional strategies of bacterias: autotrophs

1. autotrophs: make their own food 2 types

   1. photoautotrophs use photosynthesis to creat energy molecules in form of sugar

2. Chemoautotrophs BACTERIA

   1. use chemical energy to make glucose

   2. *in equation: produce methane adter the glucose forming process

Nutritional strategies of bacterias: Heterotrophs

obtain nutrients from other organism

1. saprotrophic (dead eaters)

   1. decomposers that use enzymes to break down matter

2. Parasitic (relies on host to break down food into simple usable molecules

growth and reproduction 3 ways of bacteria

1. binary fission

   1. produces identical cells

2. Conjugation

   1. limited sexual reproductionw here protein conects cellls together and bacteria exchance small set of genetic info, changing dna and creating new organism

3. Spore formation

   1. when condition gets hardh, abcteria create endospore within tissues

      1. endospore formation: make internal wall around dna w cutosplasm

***BACTERIA can also changed by transformation and transduction

transformation w dna fragments

1. shocks cell to take in dna and intergrate it or fails to intrgrate it(breaks down dna) and it fails

Transduction

1. process by which a virus transfers genetic material from one bacterium to another

2. horizontal gene transfer

humans are vertical gene transfers

Eubacteria hae 2 diff types of cell wall there for BIOLOGIStS USE _ to tell them apart

gram test

gram positive →purple blue

thick layer of petidoglycan that absorbs the colour on top of the cell memrbane

gram negative→ harder to treat→ pink

thin layer of peptidoglycan and has EXTRA outside layer of lipids/fat (header for peptido to absorb colour)
- overall thicker cell wall

BACTERIA IN OUR BODIES

common bacteria e.coli in humans are helpfl

• we provide them nutrients and transportation

• they provide digestion support, food, vistamin k

  • bacterias ingut make enzyme to digest callulose

pathology and pathogens

study of pathogens and organisms that produce disease in humans

2 types of bacteria toxins

1. endotoxins

2. exotoxins

exotoxins

toxins secreted by bacteria

• HIGHLY TOXIC →neurotoxins

  • tetnus

endotoxins

toxins on inside of bacteria

• released when cell lysis

• weak toxic→diarrhea vomitting

• *in cell wall of gram neg bacteria

Antibiotics defn

chemicals that kill/reduce growth of bateria

types of antibiotics

1. penicillin/amoxicillin

   1. kills bacteria by slowing the production of cell wall

2. Tetracycline

   1. Slows down protein syntheiss

3. Slfa drugs

   1. Slows down bacteria cell metabolism

**preventing bacterial infection is easier than treating infection. to control bacterial growrth there are 4 ways

1. physical removal

   1. soap +water

2. Heat steriliztion

   1. bacterias are heat sensitive

3. Food processing

   1. cooking

4. Disinfectants

   1. alcohol wipes

superbugs- antibiotic resistant bacterias. why gets worse

overuse of antibiotics creates a seelctive pressure for bacterias to evolve

• u also shouldnt overtake bc antiobiotics also affect your good bacterias ex. gut

gram negative are more resistant to antibiotics because of…

1. their extra lipid layer

2. overall thicker cell wall

when docters swab ur throat … if it is a

virus- they send u home

if bacteria→ they find the right antibiotics based on tpes of bacteria

4 things to. prevent bacterial infection daily by

1. washing hands

2. cooking food

3. disinfecting objects

4. refrigerate food to reduce bacterial growth

what do u expec to find in your vacinne?

you find killed/weekended bacteria