kines 6

What shapes out behavior:

individual, social, and environmental influences

Healthy behaviors:

any bheaviors that maintain and enhance health

Health education:

attempts to teach ppl to limit behaviors that are detrimental to health and increase those that are conductive to health

Interventions:

programs designed to access and change health behaviors in order tp:

decrease/delay death

-improve quality of life

-improve health behaviors

-lower (direct and indirect) health costs

Biopsychosocial perspective:

(3)

biology: genetic predispositions (e.g weight, addictions, muscle mass, gender, age )

psychology: personality, emotion, motivation (the big 5)

Society: social influences (social support, social status, socioeconomic status)

Changing behavior is challenging bc there are so many factors that play an important role:

Internal:

-motivation

-attitudes

-beliefs

-knowledge

Changing behavior is challenging bc there are so many factors that play an important role:

External:

-social environment

-physical environment

Theory:

a framework that describes how and why behavior changes for a given population in a particular setting

Grounding interventions in theory to ________ and _______ ____ _______

• -

• -

• -

ORGANIZE AND DIRECT THE APPROACH

-systematic rather than random and unorganized

-helps us to target the factors that influence behavior

-able to determine WHY behavior changed

Theory helps us conduct good science:

allows for replicable, sustainable, and generalizable interventions

Empirical:

information obtained from observation of measurement using experimentation

Construct:

an abstract variable that explains a concept as a part of theory

mediator:

a factor (self-efficacy) that can be intervened on that can include the outcome (PA behavior)

Moderator:

a condition or variable (AGE) that may change the outcome of intervention

Operant learning theory:

punishment and reward driven

Social cognitive theory

consider how the environment, the individual and their behavior interact

Health belief model:

drive by how people perceive that a behavior can result in a health outcome

Theory of reasoned action.theory of planned behavior

emphasizes attitudes and beliefs as a driving force behind behavior

Transtheoretical model

considers that change occurs in stages

Match the name of the theory with the appropriate constructs

1. Operant Learning Theory 🇦

   
   

2. Social Cognitive Theory :

   
   

3. Health Belief Model :

   
   

4. Theory of Planned Behavior :

   
   

5. Transtheoretical Model

   
   

   1. Driven by how people perceive that a behavior can result in a health outcome

      
      

   2. Emphasizes the impact of attitudes and beliefs as a driving force behind behavior

      
      

   3. Considers that change occurs in stages

      
      

   4. Very basic human behavior theory. Look at punishment and rewards.

      
      

   5. Considers how the environment and the individual and their behavior interact

Match the name of the theory with the appropriate constructs

1. Operant Learning Theory : Very basic human behavior theory. Look at punishment and rewards.

2. Social Cognitive Theory : Considers how the environment and the individual and their behavior interact

3. Health Belief Model : Driven by how people perceive that a behavior can result in a health outcome

4. Theory of Planned Behavior : Emphasizes the impact of attitudes and beliefs as a driving force behind behavior

5. Transtheoretical Model : Considers that change occurs in stages

What factors do we need to change (3)

organizational behavior and polices

-physical and social environments

-economic incentives

Using an ecological perspective emphasizes: (2)

-behavior affects and is affected by multiple levels of influence

-individual behavior shapes and is shaped by the social environment (reciprocal causation

ECOLOGICAL PERSPECTiVE: Indvidual

biological, psychological, and demographic characteristics of an individual, as well as experiences, knowledge, attitudes, and skills

ECOLOGICAL PERSPECTiVE: Indvidual (facilitators or barriers to physical activity)

as poverty levels decrease, the percentage of adults who are physically active increases

ECOLOGICAL PERSPECTiVE: Interpersonal (SOCIAL)

formal and informal social networks, culture, family, peers, and friends

ECOLOGICAL PERSPECTiVE: interpersonal (SOCIAL) (facilitators or barriers to physical activity)

lack of childcare is a barrier to physical activity

ECOLOGICAL PERSPECTiVE: Organizational

organization and social institutions such as workplaces, schols, college campuses, and professional and personal affiliations

ECOLOGICAL PERSPECTiVE: organizational (facilitators or barriers to physical activity)

healthy college campus environments with fitness facilities and healthy food options facilitate health living

ECOLOGICAL PERSPECTiVE: community

relationships among organizations and the built and natural environment

ECOLOGICAL PERSPECTiVE: community (facilitators or barriers to physical activity)

easy access to recreation centers, parks, and safe places to walk facilitate engagement in physical activity

ECOLOGICAL PERSPECTiVE: Policy

rules, regulations, local, state, and national laws and policies

ECOLOGICAL PERSPECTiVE: Policy (facilitators or barriers to physical activity)

The American Heart association published policy statement encouraging the use of school recreational spaces for communities

Ecological models

-environmental factors have both direct and indirect influences on human behavior (bidirectional)

-”onion model”

-many influences are outside the person

Social environment plays a _______ role, but ecological has physical role

HEAVY

Extra-individual factors _________ influence behavior

directly

Example of individual:

active recreation- motivation to engage in physical activity

Example of Interpersonal(social):

Household activities: family members supportive of physical activty

Example of organizational:

Occupational activities: physical education in schools

Example of communities :

Active recreation: physical activity is part of social climate and culture

Example of Policy:

Active transportation: zoning las for sidewalks or bike able streets

Educations and income:

indivudal

Environment:

organization and community (Penn state (organization) vs State College (community) (Church (organization))

Policy:

ADA (American Disabilities Act): provisions on when we build different buildings, how accessible the buildings are, brail, ect.

What two layers affect early life experiences and childhood the most?

Individual and Interpersonal

What layer affects Adolescents and Young Adults the most?

environment

What two layers affect Middle Aged and Older adults the most?

regional or national policy and Global

Adoption of physical activity":

difficult to transition from being sedentary to being active

The adherence problem:

once people are active its difficult to keep them active

Individual/Personal factors related to PA in adults and older adults:

Demographic/biologic:

-health status

-age (inversely)

-gender (male)

-education level

-ethnic origin

-weight status

-personal history of physical activity during adulthood

Individual/Personal factors related to PA in adults and older adults:

Psychosocial:

-self-efficacy

-intention to exercise

-stage of behavior change (readiness to be active)

-perceived effort

-stress

-outcome efficacy beliefs

-perceived enjoyment

-perceived benefits

Individual/Personal factors related to PA in adults and older adults:

Social and Cultural:

-social support for physical activity (friends, family, peers, healthcare providers, health/wellness professionals)

-social norms around PA

Individual/Personal factors related to PA in adults and older adults:

Environmental factors related to PA in Adults:

-walkability

-street connectivity

-transportation environment

-aesthetic variables

-proximity to recreation facilities

What is self-efficacy?

level of confidence in the ability to perform a specific physical activtiy regimen

Individual/Personal factors related to PA in children and adolescence:

Demographic/biological:

gender (children ages 4-9, males)

Individual/Personal factors related to PA in children and adolescence:

Psychosocial:

-self-efficacy

-perceived behavioral (adolescents)

-previous experiences with physical activity (adolescents)

Individual/Personal factors related to PA in children and adolescence:

Social and cultural:

-family support

-gender social support for physical activity (adolescents)

Individual/Personal factors related to PA in children and adolescence:

Environmental factors related to PA in Children and Adolescents:

Children:

-walkability

-traffic speed

-land use mix

-residential density

-access or proximity

Individual/Personal factors related to PA in children and adolescence:

Environmental factors related to PA in Children and Adolescents:

Adolescents:

-land use mix

-residential density

Match the antecedent on the left with the level of the ecological model

1. A person's gender :

2. Family support : Social/Interpersonal

3. Previous experience activity :

4. Social Media Fitness Group :

5. Land use mix :

6. Walkability : Environmental

7. Residential density :

1. Environmental

2. Social/Interpersonal

3. Individual/Intrapersonal

4. Environmental

5. Individual/Intrapersonal

6. Social/Interpersonal

7. Environmental

Match the antecedent on the left with the level of the ecological model

1. A person's gender : Individual/Intrapersonal

2. Family support : Social/Interpersonal

3. Previous experience activity : Individual/Intrapersonal

4. Social Media Fitness Group : Social/Interpersonal

5. Land use mix : Environmental

6. Walkability : Environmental

7. Residential density : Environmental

Match the intervention category with the appropriate definition

1. Informational :

2. Behavioral and social :

3. Environmental and policy:

1. A category of interventions that teach people the behavioral management skills necessary for successful adoption and maintenance of behavior change or create social environments that facilitate and enhance behavior change

2. A category of interventions that change the structure of physical and organizational environments to provide safe attractive and convenient places for physical activity

3. A category of interventions to change knowledge and attitudes about the benefits and opportunities of physical activity

Match the intervention category with the appropriate definition

1. Informational : A category of interventions to change knowledge and attitudes about the benefits and opportunities of physical activity

2. Behavioral and social : A category of interventions that teach people the behavioral management skills necessary for successful adoption and maintenance of behavior change or create social environments that facilitate and enhance behavior change

3. Environmental and policy : A category of interventions that change the structure of physical and organizational environments to provide safe attractive and convenient places for physical activity

Evidence based strategies:

Community-based interventions to increase physical activity:

1. Informational:

approaches to change knowledge and attitudes about the benefits of and opportunities for physical activity

Evidence based strategies:

Community-based interventions to increase physical activity:

1. Behavioral and social:

approaches to teach people the behavioral management skills necessary for:

a. successful adoption and maintenance of behavior change

b. creating social environments that facilitate and enhance behavior change

Evidence based strategies:

Community-based interventions to increase physical activity:

1. environmental and policy:

approaches to change the structure of physical and organizational environments to provide safe, attractive and convenient places for physical activity

Informational approaches to increase PA":

provide info to motivate and enable people to:

-change behavior

-maintain changes in behavior over time

Focus on cognitive skills thought to precede behavior or cognitive antecedents of behavior:

-knowledge

-awareness

-overcoming barriers and negative attitudes

Informational approaches:

Point of decision prompts:

-signs placed in locations to prompt physical activity (e.g elevators and escalators)

-recommend stair use for health benefits and weight loss

Informational approaches:

Point of decision prompts:

Effective in two ways:

-remind people who are already predisposed to becoming active about an opportunity to be active

-inform them of a health benefit

Informational approaches:

Community wide campaigns ex:

-1 million pound challenge

-centre moves

Informational approaches:

Community wide campaigns:

-involve many community sectors (local gov, schools, organization, health care)

-highly visible and broad-based, used for multiple health behaviors and disease prevention

-many communication out lets and techniques

Informational approaches:

Community wide campaigns: Outlets

-television

-radio

-newspaper columns

-direct mailings

-billboards

-advertising in transit outlets

-trailers

Informational approaches:

Community wide campaigns: Techniques

-paid ads

-donated public service announcements

-press releases

-creation of feature items

-combo of techniques

behavioral and social":

approaches to teach people the behavioral management skills necessary for successful adoption and maintenance of behavior change and creating social environments that facilitate and enhance behavior change

Behavioral and social approaches to increase PA:

Intervention goals:

-behavioral management skills

-structure the social environment

Behavioral and social approaches to increase PA:

Intervention characteristics:

-involve individual or group behavioral counseling

-include friends or family

-may include support from others

-technology based approaches

Behavioral and social approaches to increase PA:

School based PE:

used modified curricula and policies to increase the amount of time students spend in moderate vigorous activity while in PE class by:

-adding new or additional PE classes

-lengthening existing PE classes

-increasing moderate-vigorous PA (MVPA) of students during PE class

-changing activities taught (soccer over softball)

-modifying rules of games (having everyone run bases instead of just the batter)

Behavioral and social approaches to increase PA:

School based PE:

CONCLUSION

strong evidence that school-based PE is effective to increasing PA and improving physical fitness

Behavioral and social approaches to increase PA:

Family based social support: use techniques that increase support of family members for behavior change. WHY

-major source of influence for children

-behavioral and psychological risk factors aggregate within families

-supportive social environments shown to increase maintenance of behavior change

Behavioral and social approaches to increase PA:

Family based social support: intervention targets

-factors in social environment

-interpersonal and behavioral patterns

-families with children or spouses/partners without children

-joint of individual education session on various topics

Behavioral and social approaches to increase PA:

family based social support: conclusion

sufficient evidence

Behavioral and social approaches to increase PA:

Social support interventions in community settings:

-create new social networks

-work within a pre-existing network (outside of family)

-building, strengthening and maintain social environment

Behavioral and social approaches to increase PA:

Social support interventions in community settings: Intervention strategies

-set up a “buddy system”

-make a contract with others

-set up a walking group (or other group_ to provide support while being physically active

Behavioral and social approaches to increase PA:

Social support interventions in community settings: Conclusion

-strong evidence that social support interventions in community settings are effective

Behavioral and social approaches to increase PA:

Individually-adapted health behavior change programs:

-readiness for change

-specific interests

-preferences

Behavioral and social approaches to increase PA:

Individually-adapted health behavior change programs: intervention strategies

-setting goals and self-monitoring

-building social support for behavior

-behavioral reinforcement through self-reward and positive self-talk

-structured problem-solving geared toward maintenance

-prevention of relapse into sedentary behaviors

Behavioral and social approaches to increase PA:

Individually-adapted health behavior change programs: Conclusion

strong evidence that it is effective

Behavioral and social approaches to increase PA:

Environmental and policy

-designed to provide environmental opportunities, support, and cues to help people develop healthier behaviors

-done through the implemetation of policies

-create supportive environments

-strengthen community action

Match the intervention with the appropriate category

1. Point-of-decision prompt :

2. School-based PE :

3. Social support interventions in community settings :

4. Community Wide Campaign :

5. Creating new PA policy  :

6. Adding accessible sidewalks :

1. Environmental and policy

2. Behavioral and social

3. Informational

4. Environmental and policy

5. Behavioral and social

6. Informational

Match the intervention with the appropriate category

1. Point-of-decision prompt : Informational

2. School-based PE : Behavioral and social

3. Social support interventions in community settings : Behavioral and social

4. Community Wide Campaign : Informational

5. Creating new PA policy  : Environmental and policy

6. Adding accessible sidewalks : Environmental and policy

National physical activity plan:

a comprehensive strategic plan for increasing physical activity in all segments of the US population

-developed by the NPAP alliance

-comprised of overarching priorties, strategies, and tactics

What are the overarching priorities of the NPAP? (7)

-establish Federal office of physical activity and health

-est. a comprehensive surveillance system

-dev. and disseminate a national physical activity report card

-promotes physical activity policy development

-launch a national physical activity campaign

-support dev of state and local physical activity plans

-advocate for increased funding for physical activity initiatives

What are the 9 societal sectors?

-community recreation, fitness, and parks

-business and industry

-education

-public health

-mass media

-faith-based settings

-healthcare

-sport

-transportation, land use, and community design