GRCC BI 121 Lec Unit 1 review

Biology

the scientific study of life

Characteristics of life

Movement, growth, adaptability, responsiveness to environment

Anatomy

The study of body structure

gross anatomy (macroscopic anatomy)

Study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye

Microscopic anatomy

deals with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye

Physiology

The study of body function

Body organization

cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Molecule

A group of atoms bonded together

Atom

Smallest particle of an element

Cells

smallest unit of life

Tissues

Groups of cells with a common structure and function.

Epithelial tissue

Coverings and linings of body

Connective tissue

Diverse structure but all surrounded by extracellular matrix

Muscle tissue

A body tissue that contracts or shortens, making body parts move.

neural tissue

conducts electrical impulses, carries information

Organ

Functional unit composed of more than one tissue

Organ system

Organs that interact to perform a specific range of functions

Integumentary system

Protect tissues, regulate body temp, support sensory receptors. EX: skin, hair, nails

Skeletal system

Framework, protect soft tissue, provide attachment for muscles, produce blood cells, store minerals. EX: Bones, ligaments, cartilage

Muscular system

Cause movements, maintain posture, produce body head. EX: Muscles and tendons

Nervous system

Detect changes, receive and interpret sensory information, stimulate muscles and glands. EX: Brain, spinal cord, and nerves

Endocrine system

Control metabolic activities, includes glands that secrete hormones. EX: Pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, parathyroid, ovaries, testes, pancreas

Cardiovascular system

Move blood through blood vessels, transport substances throughout body. EX heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries

Lymphatic system

Return tissue fluid to blood, carry certain absorbed food molecules, defend against infection and disease. EX: Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen

Digestive system

Receive, breakdown, and absorb food, eliminate unabsorbed material. EX Mouth, teeth, esophagus, stomach, salivary glands, intestine, and liver.

rESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Intake and output of air, exchange of gasses between air and blood. EX: Nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

Urinary system

Removes waste from blood, maintain H2O and electrolyte balance, store and transport urine, control pH. EX: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

Reproductive system(Male)

Produce and maintain sperm cells, transfer sperm cells to female reproductive tract. EX: Scrotum, testes, urethra, penis

Reproductive system(Female)

Produce and maintain egg cells, receive sperm cells, support development of embryo and function in birth process. EX: Ovaries, uterus, vagina

Homeostasis

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

Homeostatic regulation

physiological adjustment to preserve homeostasis in variable environments

Receptor

senses environment change

Control center

processes information from receptor and sends out commands

Set point

in the control center, optimal range

Effector

Responds to commands opposing stimulus

Negative feedback

A type of regulation that responds to a change in conditions by initiating responses that will counteract the change.

Positive feedback

A type of regulation that responds to a change in conditions by initiating responses that will amplify the change.

Octet rule

States that atoms lose, gain or share electrons in order to acquire a full set of eight valence electrons

Hydrogen bond

Attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom.

Metabolism

All cellular reaction of the body at a given moment

Kinetic energy

energy of motion

Potential energy

stored energy

Reactants

Participants at a reaction start

Products

generated at end of reaction

Decomposition

Breakdown of molecules into smaller components

Hydrolysis

decomposition of a chemical compound by reaction with water.

Catabolism

The sum total of all processes in an organism which break down chemicals to produce energy and simple chemical building blocks.

Synthesis

Combining of small molecules or substances into larger, more complex ones

Dehydration synthesis

A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.

Anabolism

The sum total of all processes in an organism which use energy and simple chemical building blocks to produce large chemicals and structures necessary for life.

Equilibrium

A state of balance

Exchange rates

Reactants are "shuffled" to produce new products

Enzymes

Catalysts for chemical reactions in living things

Metabolic pathways

Series of reactions(each involving an enzyme) that support life

Exergonic

releases energy

Endergonic

absorbs energy

Metabolites

all the molecules that can be synthesized or broken down by chemical reactions inside our bodies

Nutrients

Essential metabolites normally obtained from our diet

Electrolytes

ions in solution that conduct electric current

pH

hydrogen ion concentration

Acid

Solute that dissociates and releases hydrogen

Base

Solute that removes hydrogen ions from solution

Salt

Ionic compound with any cation and anion except H+ or OH-

Buffers

Compounds that stabilize pH by removing or replacing hydrogen ions

Organic compounds

Compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen

Functional groups

attached groupings of atoms that occur commonly in many organic molecules

Carbohydrates

Contain C, H, and O. Ratio 1:2:1. Most important as energy sources. Made up of monosaccharides

Isomers

Two different molecules that have the same chemical formula

Lipids

C to H ratio 1:2. Less O than carbs. Provide twice as much energy as carbs. Made up of fatty acids

Steroids

lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four carbon ings

Proteins

Most abundant organic material. Contain C, H, O, and N. Receptors, enzymes, and antibodies. Made up of amino acids

Peptides

amino acids linked through dehydration synthesis

4 structures of proteins

1. Primary

2. Secondary

3. Tertiary

4. Quaternary

Saturation limit

substrate concentration required to have maximum rate of reaction

High-energy compounds

Donate energy to chemical reactions to form products. Energy taken from bonds

DNA and RNA

Genetic material and transcription. Made up of nucleic acids

Complementary base pairs

A=T and C=G. RNA uses U instead of T

Cell theory

Cells are building blocks of life, all cells come from division of preexisting cells, cells are smallest unit of life

Extracellular fluid

Watery medium surrounding cells

Plasma membrane

Separates cell contents from extracellular fluid

Cytoplasm

Material between cell membrane and nuclear membrane

Organelles

A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell

Microvilli

Fingerlike extensions of plasma membrane of apical epithelial cells, increase surface area, aid in absorbtion, exist on every moist epithelia, but most dense in small intestine and kidney

Cytoskeleton

Fine protein filaments or tubes.

Ribosomes

site of protein synthesis

Peroxisome

organelle with various specialized metabolic functions; produces hydrogen peroxide as a by-product, then converts it to water

Lysosomes

An organelle containing digestive enzymes

Golgi apparatus

stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A cell structure that forms a maze of passageways in which proteins and other materials are carried from one part of the cell to another.

Permeability

the state or quality of a material or membrane that causes it to allow liquids or gases to pass through it.

Passive transport

the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell

Active transport

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference

Diffusion

Continuous random movement of ions or molecules in a liquid or gas resulting in even distribution

Concentration gradient

A difference in the concentration of a substance across a distance.

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Osmotic flow

movement of water driven by osmosis

Osmotic pressure

pressure that must be applied to prevent osmotic movement across a selectively permeable membrane

Osmolarity

Total solute concentration in an aqueous solution

Tonicity

Effect of osmotic solutions on cell volume