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28 Terms
1
Nucleotide for DNA
A DNA nucleotide consists of three components: a phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine). Ribose sugar is found in RNA nucleotides, not DNA.
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2
Base pairing with thymine
In DNA, thymine (T) pairs with adenine (A) through two hydrogen bonds.
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3
Bond in the backbone of DNA
The backbone of DNA is formed by covalent bonds between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the deoxyribose sugar of the next.
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4
Speeding up DNA replication
Enzymes like helicase, DNA polymerase, primase, and ligase facilitate and accelerate the DNA replication process.
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5
First step to DNA replication
The replication process begins when helicase binds to the DNA molecule and unwinds the double helix by breaking hydrogen bonds between base pairs.
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6
Source of nucleotides for DNA replication
Nucleotides used in DNA replication are synthesized from the nutrients we consume.
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7
Importance of strong covalent bonds in DNA
Strong covalent bonds in the DNA backbone ensure the molecule's stability and integrity, protecting the genetic information.
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8
Definition of a gene
A gene is a specific sequence of nucleotides (N bases) on a DNA molecule that codes for a particular protein or function.
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9
Diploid cells
Human somatic (body) cells are diploid, containing 46 chromosomes (23 pairs).
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10
Metaphase
During metaphase, chromosomes align at the cell's equatorial plane, preparing for separation.
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11
Phase after metaphase
Following metaphase, anaphase occurs, where sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles.
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12
Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis is the process where the cell's cytoplasm divides, resulting in two separate cells.
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13
Longest phase of the cell cycle
Interphase is the phase of the cell cycle that takes the longest.
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14
Cytokinesis
The process where the cytoplasm of a parental cell divides into two daughter cells.
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15
Interphase
The longest phase, during which the cell grows, duplicates its DNA, and prepares for division.
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16
Chromatids
Identical copies of chromosomes joined at a centromere during prophase.
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17
Cleavage Furrow
In animal cells, cytokinesis occurs through the formation of a cleavage furrow, where the cell membrane pinches inward to divide the cytoplasm.
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18
Anaphase
The phase of mitosis that occurs after metaphase when sister chromatids are pulled apart.
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19
Mitosis
A form of asexual reproduction that produces genetically identical daughter cells.
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20
DNA Polymerase
An enzyme that can only add nucleotides in the 5' to 3' direction during DNA replication.
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21
E. Coli
An organism genetically modified to produce biofuels by inserting genes that enable it to convert plant material into energy-rich compounds.
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22
Parent Cell
The original cell that divides to form two genetically identical daughter cells.
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23
Daughter Cells
Cells that are produced by the process of mitosis, genetically identical to the parent cell.
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24
Chromosomes
Tightly coiled structures made of DNA and proteins that store genetic information in cells.
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25
Centromere
The region of a chromosome where the sister chromatids are attached.
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26
Chromatin
The loose, uncoiled form of DNA during interphase, allowing access to genetic information.
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27
Prophase
The phase of mitosis where chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes.
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28
Telophase
The final step of mitosis, where the nuclear envelope re-forms and chromosomes return to their uncoiled chromatin state.
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